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Chemical signalling is the primary means by which cells communicate in the embryo. The underlying principle refers to a group of ligand-producing cells and a group of cells that respond to this signal because they express the appropriate receptors 1 , 2 . In the zebrafish embryo, Wnt5b binds to the receptor Ror2 to trigger the Wnt–planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling pathway to regulate tissue polarity and cell migration 3 , 4 . However, it remains unclear how this lipophilic ligand is transported from the source cells through the aqueous extracellular space to the target tissue. In this study, we provide evidence that Wnt5b, together with Ror2, is loaded on long protrusions called cytonemes. Our data further suggest that the active Wnt5b–Ror2 complexes form in the producing cell and are handed over from these cytonemes to the receiving cell. Then, the receiving cell has the capacity to initiate Wnt–PCP signalling, irrespective of its functional Ror2 receptor status. On the tissue level, we further show that cytoneme-dependent spreading of active Wnt5b–Ror2 affects convergence and extension in the zebrafish gastrula. We suggest that cytoneme-mediated transfer of ligand–receptor complexes is a vital mechanism for paracrine signalling. This may prompt a reevaluation of the conventional concept of characterizing responsive and non-responsive tissues solely on the basis of the expression of receptors. In zebrafish embryos, active complexes of Wnt5b and its membrane-bound receptor Ror2 are transported between cells via cellular protrusions called cytonemes to initiate paracrine Wnt5b signalling in cells that do not endogenously express the receptor.

Human embryonic development represents a crucial period of cellular specification and tissue organization, laying the foundation for all subsequent growth and differentiation. Because of its ethical and technical limitations, scientists use rare embryo samples and new in vitro models, such as stem cell-derived embryo-like structures. Our knowledge of human embryonic development has been completely transformed by single-cell RNA sequencing. This review covers the subjects of human embryogenesis, limitations in embryo research, the emergence of cultured embryo models, and how scRNA-seq has ultimately shaped the future of human developmental biology by becoming essential for analyzing developmental processes and evaluating the accuracy of stem cell-derived models.

Studies of cultured embryos have provided insights into human peri-implantation development. However, detailed knowledge of peri-implantation lineage development as well as underlying mechanisms remains obscure. Using 3D-cultured human embryos, herein we report a complete cell atlas of the early post-implantation lineages and decipher cellular composition and gene signatures of the epiblast and hypoblast derivatives. In addition, we develop an embryo-like assembloid (E-assembloid) by assembling naive hESCs and extraembryonic cells. Using human embryos and E-assembloids, we reveal that WNT, BMP and Nodal signaling pathways synergistically, but functionally differently, orchestrate human peri-implantation lineage development. Specially, we dissect mechanisms underlying extraembryonic mesoderm and extraembryonic endoderm specifications. Finally, an improved E-assembloid is developed to recapitulate the epiblast and hypoblast development and tissue architectures in the pre-gastrulation human embryo. Our findings provide insights into human peri-implantation development, and the E-assembloid offers a useful model to disentangle cellular behaviors and signaling interactions that drive human embryogenesis.

During embryogenesis, morphogens form a concentration gradient in responsive tissue, which is then translated into a spatial cellular pattern. The mechanisms by which morphogens spread through a tissue to establish such a morphogenetic field remain elusive. Here, we investigate by mutually complementary simulations and in vivo experiments how Wnt morphogen transport by cytonemes differs from typically assumed diffusion-based transport for patterning of highly dynamic tissue such as the neural plate in zebrafish. Stochasticity strongly influences fate acquisition at the single cell level and results in fluctuating boundaries between pattern regions. Stable patterning can be achieved by sorting through concentration dependent cell migration and apoptosis, independent of the morphogen transport mechanism. We show that Wnt transport by cytonemes achieves distinct Wnt thresholds for the brain primordia earlier compared with diffusion-based transport. We conclude that a cytoneme-mediated morphogen transport together with directed cell sorting is a potentially favored mechanism to establish morphogen gradients in rapidly expanding developmental systems.

The tobacco high-bay warehouse, functioning as a buffer warehouse in the cigarette production process, experiences significant fluctuations in space utilization and inbound/outbound operations efficiency due to changes in order types and batch sizes. With its high throughput, improving the warehouse efficiency is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. This paper proposes an integrated optimization method for dynamic storage allocation and inbound/outbound operation scheduling, with the goal of minimizing the completion time of batch inbound and outbound tasks. A dynamic slot allocation model for the overhead storage is developed, and a method is introduced to simultaneously consider both outbound slots and available slots as preferred options for inbound slot selection. To ensure that slots remain vacant during the inbound process, a penalty function is incorporated into the improved genetic algorithm, guaranteeing that inbound operations are only executed when a slot is vacant. The selection of outbound slots is optimized using relative distance, and task sequencing is improved to enhance the efficiency of inbound and outbound operations, reducing stacker crane operation time. The algorithm is applied under different operational conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed integrated optimization method significantly improves the operational efficiency of the overhead storage system. Additionally, the optimized inbound task sequence reduces task completion times and minimizes delays.

This paper has introduced a system dealing with network flow in tobacco industrial control system. By effective data acquisition, data processing, information analyzing and data storing, the system provides precise information for network security analysis. In this article, each key link of the processing chain such as acquisition, processing, analyzing, and storing has been specified. Besides, the feasibility and practicability of this system has been proved. The system would help ensure the safety and stable operation of tobacco industrial control system.

In recent years, China’s machinery and equipment manufacturing industry has developed rapidly, which has made great contributions to meet the latest demand of manufacturing industry and accelerate the rapid development of China’s economy. As an important part of China’s economy, equipment management is not only related to the direction of manufacturing industry, but also plays an important role in the overall development of manufacturing industry. Based on this, from the perspective of the Internet of things technology, this paper expounds and analyzes the concept and related technology types of the Internet of things technology, and then conducts in-depth research on the application of the Internet of things technology in equipment management.

In recent years, China's machinery and equipment manufacturing industry has developed rapidly, which has made great contributions to meet the latest demand of manufacturing industry and accelerate the rapid development of China's economy. As an important part of China's economy, equipment management is not only related to the direction of manufacturing industry, but also plays an important role in the overall development of manufacturing industry. Based on this, from the perspective of the Internet of things technology, this paper expounds and analyzes the concept and related technology types of the Internet of things technology, and then conducts in-depth research on the application of the Internet of things technology in equipment management.

This paper describes the power management and control system from the business architecture, technical architecture, application architecture, system integration four parts, and studies each component respectively. Through the current advanced information technology and Internet technology, the platform, covering \"acquisition, simulation, early-warn, analysis, and response\", is constructed to effectively improve the level of data management and utilization, which can further improve the intelligent and lean on power management and control in cigarette industrial enterprises.

Aiming at the data stream obtained in the energy control system of a cigarette factory, a data stream pattern analysis method is proposed which provides support for anomaly detection and other applications by detecting and tracking the pattern and extracting the evolution between the patterns. In this paper, the concept and definition of pattern tracking method for data streams are proposed, as well as the measurement criteria of pattern similarity. On this basis, the paper introduces in detail how to generate and cluster the hypercube grids, store the grid, generate the pattern and track the pattern on the real-time data stream. The paper also defines and describes the dynamic process of the generating, retreating, mutating, dividing and merging of the data stream pattern. The algorithm in this paper is applied to the real data stream collected in the energy control system of Ningbo cigarette factory, identifying and analyzing various feature of the data stream pattern, which can effectively describe the physical changes of the energy system.