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Bistable display has been a long-awaited goal due to its zero energy cost when maintaining colored or colorless state and electrochromic material has been highly considered as a potential way to achieve bistable display due to its simple structure and possible manipulation. However, it is extremely challenging with insurmountable technical barriers related to traditional electrochromic mechanisms. Herein a prototype for bistable electronic billboard and reader with high energy efficiency is demonstrated with excellent bistability (decay 7% in an hour), reversibility (10 4 cycles), coloration efficiency (430 cm 2  C −1 ) and very short voltage stimulation time (2 ms) for color switching, which greatly outperforms current products. This is achieved by stabilization of redox molecule via intermolecular ion transfer to the supramolecular bonded colorant and further stabilization of the electrochromic molecules in semi-solid media. This promising approach for ultra-energy-efficient display will promote the development of switching molecules, devices and applications in various fields of driving/navigation/industry as display to save energy. For electrochromic materials to reach their full potential for high efficiency bistable displays, technical challenges related to their underlying mechanism must be addressed. Here, the authors, through intelligent molecular design, report a solid bistable device with state-of-the-art performance.

Bistable electrochromic materials have been explored as a viable alternative to reduce energy consumption in display applications. However, the development of ideal bistable electrochromic displays (especially multicolour displays) remains challenging due to the intrinsic limitations associated with existing electrochromic processes. Here, a bistable electrochromic device with good overall performance—including bistability (>52 h), reversibility (>12,000 cycles), colouration efficiency (≥1,240 cm2 C−1) and transmittance change (70%) with fast switching (≤1.5 s)—was designed and developed based on concerted intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer. This approach was used to develop black, magenta, yellow and blue displays as well as a multicolour bistable electrochromic shelf label. The design principles derived from this unconventional exploration of concerted intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer may also be useful in different optoelectronic applications.

Intrinsic antiferromagnetism in van der Waals (vdW) monolayer (ML) crystals enriches our understanding of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic orders and presents several advantages over ferromagnetism in spintronic applications. However, studies of 2D intrinsic antiferromagnetism are sparse, owing to the lack of net magnetisation. Here, by combining spin-polarised scanning tunnelling microscopy and first-principles calculations, we investigate the magnetism of vdW ML CrTe 2 , which has been successfully grown through molecular-beam epitaxy. We observe a stable antiferromagnetic (AFM) order at the atomic scale in the ML crystal, whose bulk is ferromagnetic, and correlate its imaged zigzag spin texture with the atomic lattice structure. The AFM order exhibits an intriguing noncollinear spin reorientation under magnetic fields, consistent with its calculated moderate magnetic anisotropy. The findings of this study demonstrate the intricacy of 2D vdW magnetic materials and pave the way for their in-depth analysis. In two dimensions magnetic order without magnetic anisotropy is forbidden, making 2D magnetic systems a rich playground for interesting physics. Here, Xian et al. fabricate monolayers of CrTe2, and demonstrate antiferromagnetic ordering, with spin reorientation at finite magnetic fields.

The promise of AI to alleviate the burdens of grading and potentially enhance writing instruction is an exciting prospect. However, we believe it is crucial to emphasize that the accuracy of AI is only one component of its responsible use in education. Various governmental agencies, such as NIST in the US, and non-governmental agencies like the UN, UNESCO, and OECD have published guidance on the responsible use of AI, which we have synthesized to come up with our principles for the responsible use of AI in assessments at ETS. Our principles include fairness and bias mitigation; privacy & security; transparency, explainability, and accountability; educational impact & integrity; and continuous improvement. The accuracy of AI-scoring is one component of our principles related to educational impact & integrity. In this work, we share our thoughts on fairness & bias mitigation, and transparency & explainability. We demonstrate an empirical evaluation of zero-shot scoring using GTP-4o, with an emphasis on fairness evaluations and explainability of these automated scoring models.

Impaired activation and regulation of the extinction of inflammatory cells and molecules in injured neuronal tissues are key factors in the development of epilepsy. SerpinA3N is mainly associated with the acute phase response and inflammatory response. In our current study, transcriptomics analysis, proteomics analysis, and Western blotting showed that the expression level of Serpin clade A member 3N (SerpinA3N) is significantly increased in the hippocampus of mice with kainic acid (KA)-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, and this molecule is mainly expressed in astrocytes. Notably, in vivo studies using gain- and loss-of-function approaches revealed that SerpinA3N in astrocytes promoted the release of proinflammatory factors and aggravated seizures. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and Western blotting showed that SerpinA3N promoted KA-induced neuroinflammation by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation revealed that SerpinA3N interacts with ryanodine receptor type 2 (RYR2) and promotes RYR2 phosphorylation. Overall, our study reveals a novel SerpinA3N-mediated mechanism in seizure-induced neuroinflammation and provides a new target for developing neuroinflammation-based strategies to reduce seizure-induced brain injury.

The technological revolution of long-awaited energy-saving and vision-friendly displays represented by bistable display technology is coming. Here we discuss methods, challenges, and opportunities for implementing bistable displays in terms of molecular design, device structure, further expansion, and required criteria, hopefully benefiting the light-related community.

Flexible circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) switching devices have been long‐awaited due to their promising potential application in wearable optoelectronic devices. However, on account of the few materials and complicated design of manufacturing systems, how to fabricate a flexible electric‐field‐driven CPL‐switching device is still a serious challenge. Herein, a flexible device with multiple optical switching properties (CPL, circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, color) is designed and prepared efficiently based on proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism by optimizing the chiral structure of switching molecule. More importantly, this device can maintain the switching performance even after 300 bending‐unbending cycles. It has a remarkable comprehensive performance containing bistable property, low open voltage, and good cycling stability. Then, prototype devices with designed patterns have been fabricated, which opens a new application pattern of CPL‐switching materials. A brand‐new optical switching system based on the PCET mechanism, which firstly integrates electrochemical information and multiple optical properties (CPL, CD, fluorescence and color) in a single photoelectric device efficiently.

Lactate is not only the end product of glycolysis but also plays a key role in epigenetic regulation. Recently, lactate-derived histone lactylation has been identified as a novel epigenetic modification that can directly influence gene transcription. Histone lactylation has been associated with various pathological conditions and shows significant therapeutic potential. However, studies on histone lactylation in central nervous system diseases are still quite limited. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on histone lactylation, detailing the specific mechanisms and sites of histone lactylation, including lactylation and delactylation. We also discuss the role of histone lactylation in Alzheimer’s disease (glycolysis/H4K12la/PKM2 feedback loop), depression (neuronal excitation), neuroinflammation (anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory balance of microglia), aging, stroke (infarct volume), and glioblastoma (activation of oncogenes), pointing out the research directions for the future. This may provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.

Boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit excellent optical properties, and regulating their photophysical processes is a powerful strategy to understand the luminescence mechanism and develop new materials and applications. Herein, an electrochemically responsive B–O dynamic coordination bond is proposed, and used to regulate the photophysical processes of boron-nitrogen-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The formation of the B–O coordination bond under a suitable voltage is confirmed by experiments and theoretical calculations, and B–O coordination bond can be broken back to the initial state under opposite voltage. The whole process is accompanied by reversible changes in photophysical properties. Further, electrofluorochromic devices are successfully prepared based on the above electrochemically responsive coordination bond. The success and harvest of this exploration are beneficial to understand the luminescence mechanism of boron-nitrogen-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and provide ideas for design of dynamic covalent bonds and broaden material types and applications. Boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with dynamic covalent bonds have interesting optical properties, but electricity-responsive bonds are less studied. Here, the authors report an electrochemically responsive B-O coordination bond with short switching time.

Soil particle-size fractions (PSFs), including three components of sand, silt, and clay, are very improtant for the simulation of land-surface process and the evaluation of ecosystem services. Accurate spatial prediction of soil PSFs can help better understand the simulation processes of these models. Because soil PSFs are compositional data, there are some special demands such as the constant sum (1 or 100%) in the interpolation process. In addition, the performance of spatial prediction methods can mostly affect the accuracy of the spatial distributions. Here, we proposed a framework for the spatial prediction of soil PSFs. It included log-ratio transformation methods of soil PSFs (additive log-ratio, centered log-ratio, symmetry log-ratio, and isometric log-ratio methods), interpolation methods (geostatistical methods, regression models, and machine learning models), validation methods (probability sampling, data splitting, and cross-validation) and indices of accuracy assessments in soil PSF interpolation and soil texture classification (rank correlation coefficient, mean error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, coefficient of determination, Aitchison distance, standardized residual sum of squares, overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and Precision-Recall curve) and uncertainty analysis indices (prediction and confidence intervals, standard deviation, and confusion index). Moreover, we summarized several paths on improving the accuracy of soil PSF interpolation, such as improving data distribution through effective data transformation, choosing appropriate prediction methods according to the data distribution, combining auxiliary variables to improve mapping accuracy and distribution rationality, improving interpolation accuracy using hybrid models, and developing multi-component joint models. In the future, we should pay more attention to the principles and mechanisms of data transformation, joint simulation models and high accuracy surface modeling methods for multi-components, as well as the combination of soil particle size curves with stochastic simulations. We proposed a clear framework for improving the performance of the prediction methods for soil PSFs, which can be referenced by other researchers in digital soil sciences.