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Layer II of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) contains two principal cell types: pyramidal cells and stellate cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that these two cell types have distinct molecular profiles, physiological properties, and connectivity. The observations hint at a fundamental functional difference between the two cell populations but conclusions have been mixed. Here, we used a tTA-based transgenic mouse line to drive expression of ArchT, an optogenetic silencer, specifically in stellate cells. We were able to optogenetically identify stellate cells and characterize their firing properties in freely moving mice. The stellate cell population included cells from a range of functional cell classes. Roughly one in four of the tagged cells were grid cells, suggesting that stellate cells contribute not only to path-integration-based representation of self-location but also have other functions. The data support observations suggesting that grid cells are not the sole determinant of place cell firing.

Aiming at the problem of multimodal transport path planning under uncertain environments, this paper establishes a multi-objective fuzzy nonlinear programming model considering mixed-time window constraints by taking cost, time, and carbon emission as optimization objectives. To solve the model, the model is de-fuzzified by the fuzzy expectation value method and fuzzy chance-constrained planning method. Combining the game theory method with the weighted sum method, a cooperative game theory-based multi-objective optimization method is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified in a real intermodal network. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the weighted sum method and obtain the optimal multimodal transport path that satisfies the time window requirement, and the path optimization results are better than MOPSO and NSGA-II, effectively reducing transportation costs and carbon emissions. Meanwhile, the influence of uncertainty factors on the multimodal transport route planning results is analyzed. The results show that the uncertain factors will significantly increase the transportation cost and carbon emissions and affect the choice of route and transportation mode. Considering uncertainty factors can increase the reliability of route planning results and provide a more robust and effective solution for multimodal transportation.

Theta sequences of hippocampal activity supports planning and prediction, and in CA1 they are shaped by CA3 and entorhinal (layer III) inputs. We targeted entorhinal inputs with highly specific optogenetic inhibition, leaving the remaining circuit intact. While CA1 spatial coding properties were largely unaffected, the slope and range of theta phase precession were impaired. Surprisingly, theta sequences were strengthened. These results suggest that sequence organization is not a simple consequence of precession and depends on circuit-level dynamics across the trisynaptic circuit, while direct entorhinal inputs may act as a supervisory signal driving learning and representational updates. Temporal coding in the hippocampus is thought to be key for memory and predictions. Here, the authors show that blocking one entorhinal input affects two aspects of hippocampal spike timing - phase precession and sequences - in opposing fashions, suggesting a specific network architecture.

Accurate investigations of neural circuitry require specific genetic access to individual circuit elements, i.e., the myriad neuronal cell-types in the brain. However, native promoters cannot achieve this because while most genes are expressed in the brain, few are expressed in a single neuronal cell-type. We recently used enhancers, the subcomponents of the transcriptional apparatus which tell promoters when and where to express, combined with heterologous minimal promoters to increase specificity of transgene expression, an approach we call Enhancer-Driven Gene Expression (EDGE). As we discuss, EDGE is a marked improvement in specificity over native promoters, but still requires careful anatomical analysis to avoid off-target effects. In this study we present a more complete set of genomic markers from the mouse brain and characterize a novel EDGE viral vector capable of specifically driving expression in distinct subtypes of hippocampal neurons, even though it can express in other cell-types elsewhere. The advent of cell-type specific viral tools in wild-type animals provides a powerful strategy for neural circuit investigation and holds promise for studies using animal models for which transgenic tools are not available.

【目的】探明微润灌条件下温室番茄适宜的水头压力，提高水分利用效率。【方法】以滴灌灌溉为对照（CK），设置水头压力1 m（T1）、1.5 m（T2）、2 m（T3）、2.5 m（T4）4种试验处理，研究了微润灌条件下不同水头压力对土壤水分分布、番茄生长、耗水规律、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】微润灌水头压力显著影响土壤含水率和湿润区范围，与滴灌处理相比，微润灌处理土壤含水率始终处于较高状态，形成持续稳定的水分环境；T1、T2、T3、T4处理定植100 d的土壤含水率较定植20 d的下降24.9%、21.54%、19.18%和16.93%，水头压力越高，下降幅度越小，土壤水分环境越稳定；定植初期，滴灌土壤水分环境对植株生长有利，番茄生长较好，随着生育期的延长，微润灌地埋优势充分发挥，后期微润灌番茄生长明显优于滴灌处理；在整个生育期内，番茄株高及茎粗的生长量、生长速率均随着水头压力的提高逐渐增大；番茄在开花坐果期和结果盛期耗水量较大，苗期和结果末期耗水量相对较低，全生育期T1、T2、T3、T4处理耗水量分别为192.3、216.4、235.8、262.3 mm，水头压力越高，耗水量越大；各处理水分利用效率表现为CK< T4处理< T1处理< T2处理< T3处理。【结论】相比于滴灌，微润灌可显著提高番茄的水分利用效率，水头压力为2 m时，同时获得较高的番茄产量和水分利用效率。

During behavior, hippocampal neurons fire in consistent theta sequences, organized by the theta rhythm, which have been linked to predictive coding of future actions. The mechanisms of sequence generation are yet unclear, but in the hippocampal CA1 subfield, are thought to involve both major input streams into CA1 neurons, from CA3 pyramidal neurons and directly from entorhinal cortex. We disentangled the role of these two afferent input with highly specific optogenetic inhibition limited to the direct entorhinal afferents of CA1, thereby leaving the rest of the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit intact. While CA1 spatial firing properties were largely unaffected, theta phase precession was largely abolished. Surprisingly, while theta phase precession is thought to generate theta sequences, theta sequences were actually strengthened when it was suppressed. These results suggest that sequence generation is internal to the hippocampus, while the entorhinal inputs may act as a supervisory signal driving learning and representational updates.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Footnotes* Revised manuscript. Added new analysis and controls.

Dielectric ceramics are highly desired for electronic systems owing to their fast discharge speed and excellent fatigue resistance. However, the low energy density resulting from the low breakdown electric field leads to inferior volumetric efficiency, which is the main challenge for practical applications of dielectric ceramics. Here, we propose a strategy to increase the breakdown electric field and thus enhance the energy storage density of polycrystalline ceramics by controlling grain orientation. We fabricated high-quality -textured Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 –Sr 0.7 Bi 0.2 TiO 3 (NBT-SBT) ceramics, in which the strain induced by the electric field is substantially lowered, leading to a reduced failure probability and improved Weibull breakdown strength, on the order of 103 MV m −1 , an ~65% enhancement compared to their randomly oriented counterparts. The recoverable energy density of -textured NBT-SBT multilayer ceramics is up to 21.5 J cm −3 , outperforming state-of-the-art dielectric ceramics. The present research offers a route for designing dielectric ceramics with enhanced breakdown strength, which is expected to benefit a wide range of applications of dielectric ceramics for which high breakdown strength is required, such as high-voltage capacitors and electrocaloric solid-state cooling devices. The energy density of dielectric ceramic capacitors is limited by low breakdown fields. Here, by considering the anisotropy of electrostriction in perovskites, it is shown that -textured Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 –Sr 0.7 Bi 0.2 TiO 3 ceramics can sustain higher electrical fields and achieve an energy density of 21.5 J cm −3 .

The kagome lattice Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 exhibits the quintessential topological phenomena of a magnetic Weyl semimetal such as the chiral anomaly and Fermi-arc surface states. Probing its magnetic properties is crucial for understanding this correlated topological state. Here, using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) combined with first-principle calculations, we report the discovery of localized spin-orbit polarons (SOPs) with three-fold rotation symmetry nucleated around single S-vacancies in Co 3 Sn 2 S 2. The SOPs carry a magnetic moment and a large diamagnetic orbital magnetization of a possible topological origin associated relating to the diamagnetic circulating current around the S-vacancy. Appreciable magneto-elastic coupling of the SOP is detected by nc-AFM and STM. Our findings suggest that the SOPs can enhance magnetism and more robust time-reversal-symmetry-breaking topological phenomena. Controlled engineering of the SOPs may pave the way toward practical applications in functional quantum devices. Kagome lattice material Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 is identified as a magnetic Weyl semimetal and its magnetic properties are less studied. Here, the authors observe localized spin-orbit polarons nucleated around single S-vacancies carrying a large diamagnetic orbital magnetism in Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 .

Understanding the dynamic nature of biological systems is fundamental to deciphering cellular behavior, developmental processes, and disease progression. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided static snapshots of gene expression, offering valuable insights into cellular states at a single time point. Recent advancements in temporally resolved scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics (ST), and time-series spatial transcriptomics (temporal-ST) have further revolutionized our ability to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of individual cells. These technologies, when combined with computational frameworks such as Markov chains, stochastic differential equations (SDEs), and generative models like optimal transport and Schrödinger bridges, enable the reconstruction of dynamic cellular trajectories and cell fate decisions. This review discusses how these dynamical system approaches offer new opportunities to model and infer cellular dynamics from a systematic perspective.

Reducing delay has an important position in the data collection of wireless sensor networks. Current mobile sink may use single antenna to collect data, but necessarily use two antennas if the data amount is large. The purpose of the research is to reduce the delay of data collection. Unlike many traditional methods, our approach has not parking positions of mobile sink in the process of data collection. We propose an algorithm based on speed control of mobile sink that reduces the delay of data collection. The algorithm combines speed control and two antennas of mobile sink. Our algorithm ensures reducing the delay of data collection.