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The Neuron morphology classification is a critical task in neuroscience research, as the morphological features of neurons are closely linked to the functional characteristics of neural circuits. However, traditional classification methods often struggle with the complexity and diversity of neuronal morphologies. To address this, we propose PRT-net, a network architecture specifically designed for neuron morphology classification. By incorporating innovative data augmentation strategies and a contrastive learning framework, PRT-net effectively improves classification performance and model generalization. PRT-net leverages Complex Residual Structures and TreeLSTM to efficiently model the local features and global dependencies of neuron morphology. To address issues of data scarcity and imbalance, we designed a tailored data augmentation strategy that simulates diverse morphological variations, enhancing model robustness. Experiments conducted on three public datasets—BIL, JML, and ACT—demonstrate that PRT-net achieves classification accuracies of 78.45%, 67.11%, and 58.95%, respectively, significantly surpassing existing state-of-the-art methods. Notably, it achieves improvements of 2.9 and 3.3 percentage points on the JML and ACT datasets, respectively. Through the introduction of multiple evaluation metrics, we comprehensively analyze the classification and clustering performance of the model, validating its strong adaptability to complex data distributions. This study provides an efficient solution for neuron morphology classification, advancing research in this domain.

The main problem faced by traditional three-dimensional (3D) holographic displays is the time-consuming and poor flexibility of the hologram generation process. To address this issue, this paper proposes a non-iterative 3D computer-generated hologram (SFS-ORAP-PC-3D) method based on single full-support optimized random phase and phase compensation. Combining the full-support optimized random phase (FS-ORAP) method and the 3D layer-based idea to efficiently and non-iteratively generate the phase-only hologram of a 3D object with arbitrary positions and sizes using single FS-ORAP, thus overcoming the limitations of the original ORAP method in target position and size. Meanwhile, using a Fresnel lens for phase compensation allows for free selection of reconstruction planes. Numerical and optical experiments validate the feasibility of our proposed method.

The inverse eigenvalue problem is a classical and difficult problem in matrix theory. In the case of real spectrum, we first present some sufficient conditions of a real r-tuple (for r = 2 ; 3; 4; 5) to be realized by a symmetric stochastic matrix. Part of these conditions is also extended to the complex case in the case of complex spectrum where the realization matrix may not necessarily be symmetry. The main approach throughout the paper in our discussion is the specific construction of realization matrices and the recursion when the targeted r-tuple is updated to a ( r + 1 ) -tuple.

Issue Title: Special Issue: Linear Algebra and Multilinear Algebra (pp. 509 - 692) The U 1 matrix and extreme U 1 matrix were successfully used to study quadratic doubly stochastic operators by R. Ganikhodzhaev and F. Shahidi [Linear Algebra Appl., 2010, 432: 24-35], where a necessary condition for a U 1 matrix to be extreme was given. S. Yang and C. Xu [Linear Algebra Appl., 2013, 438: 3905-3912] gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a symmetric nonnegative matrix to be an extreme U 1 matrix and investigated the structure of extreme U 1 matrices. In this paper, we count the number of the permutation equivalence classes of the n × n extreme U 1 matrices and characterize the structure of the quadratic stochastic operators and the quadratic doubly stochastic operators.

Firstly we study necessary and sufficient conditions for the constant row sums symmetric inverse eigenvalue problem to have a solution and sufficient conditions for the symmetric stochastic inverse eigenvalue problem to have a solution. Then we introduce the concept of general solutions for the symmetric stochastic inverse eigenvalue problem and the concept of totally general solutions for the 3 × 3 symmetric stochastic inverse eigenvalue problem. Finally we study the necessary and sufficient conditions for the symmetric stochastic inverse eigenvalue problems of order 3 to have general solutions, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the symmetric stochastic inverse eigenvalue problems of order 3 to have a totally general solution.

The direct oxidation of methane to methanol under mild conditions is challenging owing to its inadequate activity and low selectivity. A key objective is improving the selective oxidation of the first carbon-hydrogen bond of methane, while inhibiting the oxidation of the remaining carbon-hydrogen bonds to ensure high yield and selectivity of methanol. Here we design ultrathin Pd x Au y nanosheets and revealed a volcano-type relationship between the binding strength of hydroxyl radical on the catalyst surface and catalytic performance using experimental and density functional theory results. Our investigations indicate a trade-off relationship between the reaction-triggering and reaction-conversion steps in the reaction process. The optimized Pd 3 Au 1 nanosheets exhibits a methanol production rate of 147.8 millimoles per gram of Pd per hour, with a selectivity of 98% at 70 °C, representing one of the most efficient catalysts for the direct oxidation of methane to methanol. The direct oxidation of methane to methanol occurs in two steps that are difficult to control. Here, the authors use the OH binding strength as a descriptor to optimize the trade-off effect between the two pathways over Pd x Au y catalysts.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising renewable electrode materials for LIBs and gained significant attention, but their capacity has been limited by the densely packed 2D layer structures, low active site availability, and poor electronic conductivity. Combining COFs with high-conductivity MXenes is an effective strategy to enhance their electrochemical performance. Nevertheless, simply gluing them without conformal growth and covalent linkage restricts the number of redox-active sites and the structural stability of the composite. Therefore, in this study, a covalently assembled 3D COF on Ti3C2 MXenes (Ti3C2@COF) is synthesized and serves as an ultralong cycling electrode material for LIBs. Due to the covalent bonding between the COF and Ti3C2, the Ti3C2@COF composite exhibits excellent stability, good conductivity, and a unique 3D cavity structure that enables stable Li+ storage and rapid ion transport. As a result, the Ti3C2-supported 3D COF nanosheets deliver a high specific capacity of 490 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, along with an ultralong cyclability of 10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1. This work may inspire a wide range of 3D COF designs for high-performance electrode materials.

Exciton polaritons in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide microcavities provide a versatile platform for advancing optoelectronic devices and studying the interacting Bosonic physics at ambient conditions. Rationally engineering the favorable properties of polaritons is critically required for the rapidly growing research. Here, we demonstrate the manipulation of nonlinear polaritons with the lithographically defined potential landscapes in monolayer WS 2 microcavities. The discretization of photoluminescence dispersions and spatially confined patterns indicate the deterministic on-site localization of polaritons by the artificial mesa cavities. Varying the trapping sizes, the polariton-reservoir interaction strength is enhanced by about six times through managing the polariton–exciton spatial overlap. Meanwhile, the coherence of trapped polaritons is significantly improved due to the spectral narrowing and tailored in a picosecond range. Therefore, our work not only offers a convenient approach to manipulating the nonlinearity and coherence of polaritons but also opens up possibilities for exploring many-body phenomena and developing novel polaritonic devices based on 2D materials. We demonstrate the manipulation of nonlinear polaritons and their prolonged coherence by creating fully deterministic potential wells with the lithographic mesas to trap polaritons in a monolayer WS 2 microcavity.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) has emerged as an effective optoelectronics material due to its novel optical properties. Understanding the role of defects in exciton kinetics is crucial for achieving high-efficiency TMD devices. Here, we observe defects induced anomalous power dependence exciton dynamics and spatial distribution in hexagonal heterogeneous WS 2 . With transient absorption microscopy study, we illustrate that these phenomena originate from the competition between radiative and defect-related non-radiative decays. To understand the physics behind this, a decay model is introduced with two defect-related channels, which demonstrates that more excitons decay through non-radiative channels in the dark region than the bright region. Our work reveals the mechanisms of anomalous exciton kinetics by defects and is instrumental for understanding and exploiting excitonic states in emerging 2D semiconductors.

Circulation control (CC) is used extensively to control the attitude of rudderless aircraft experiencing ground effect in take-off and landing phases. The investigation of ground effect on airfoil CC is necessary to improve flight performance and quality in proximity to the ground. The aerodynamics and flow field of a modified NACA0012 airfoil with CC in ground effect are investigated with numerical simulations. The compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the shear-stress transport k−ω turbulence model equations are solved using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Simulation results show that the ground effect changes the lift increment per unit jet momentum coefficient, and CC can reverse the polarity ground effect. The effective angle of attack αE and the downwash space downstream airfoil are altered by the ground effect resulting in variations of airfoil surface pressure and lift. Unlike the unbounded flow field, the jet attachment distance is not only determined by the jet momentum coefficient but it can change with the ride height, which is the distance from the ground to the center of the semicircular Coanda surface, for the same jet momentum coefficient.