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This article provides a broad spectrum about the nanoprodrug fabrication advances co‐driven by prodrug and nanotechnology development to potentiate cancer treatment. The nanoprodrug inherits the features of both prodrug concept and nanomedicine know‐how, attempts to solve underexploited challenge in cancer treatment cooperatively. Prodrugs can release bioactive drugs on‐demand at specific sites to reduce systemic toxicity, this is done by using the special properties of the tumor microenvironment, such as pH value, glutathione concentration, and specific overexpressed enzymes; or by using exogenous stimulation, such as light, heat, and ultrasound. The nanotechnology, manipulating the matter within nanoscale, has high relevance to certain biological conditions, and has been widely utilized in cancer therapy. Together, the marriage of prodrug strategy which shield the side effects of parent drug and nanotechnology with pinpoint delivery capability has conceived highly camouflaged Trojan horse to maneuver cancerous threats. Prodrugs release bioactives on‐demand at diseased sites to reduce systemic toxicity of parent drugs; the nanotechnology formulate the prodrug into nanosized. Their marriage boosts an emerging and effective solution to cancerous implications and beyond. The nanoprodrug inherits the features of both prodrug concept and nanomedicine expertise, attempting to address unmet needs in cancer treatment cooperatively.

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have electronic and optoelectronic properties that make them appealing in many device applications 1 – 4 . Although many approaches focus on polycrystalline materials 5 – 7 , single-crystal hybrid perovskites show improved carrier transport and enhanced stability over their polycrystalline counterparts, due to their orientation-dependent transport behaviour 8 – 10 and lower defect concentrations 11 , 12 . However, the fabrication of single-crystal hybrid perovskites, and controlling their morphology and composition, are challenging 12 . Here we report a solution-based lithography-assisted epitaxial-growth-and-transfer method for fabricating single-crystal hybrid perovskites on arbitrary substrates, with precise control of their thickness (from about 600 nanometres to about 100 micrometres), area (continuous thin films up to about 5.5 centimetres by 5.5 centimetres), and composition gradient in the thickness direction (for example, from methylammonium lead iodide, MAPbI 3 , to MAPb 0.5 Sn 0.5 I 3 ). The transferred single-crystal hybrid perovskites are of comparable quality to those directly grown on epitaxial substrates, and are mechanically flexible depending on the thickness. Lead–tin gradient alloying allows the formation of a graded electronic bandgap, which increases the carrier mobility and impedes carrier recombination. Devices based on these single-crystal hybrid perovskites show not only high stability against various degradation factors but also good performance (for example, solar cells based on lead–tin-gradient structures with an average efficiency of 18.77 per cent). A solution-based lithography-assisted epitaxial-growth-and-transfer method is used to fabricate single-crystal hybrid perovskites on any surface, with precise control of the thickness, area and chemical composition gradient.

To address the issue of insufficient reliability of fiber optic sensing networks in complex environments, this study proposes a self-diagnosis and self-healing method based on intelligent algorithms. This method integrates redundant fiber paths and a fault detection mechanism, enabling rapid data transmission recovery through redundant paths during network faults, ensuring the stable operation of the monitoring system. Unlike traditional self-diagnosis techniques that rely on an optical time domain reflectometer, the proposed self-diagnosis algorithm utilizes data structure analysis, significantly reducing dependence on costly equipment and improving self-diagnosis efficiency. On the hardware front, a light switch driving device that does not require an external power source has been developed, expanding the application scenarios of optical switches and enhancing system adaptability and ease of operation. In the experiments, three fiber optic sensing network topologies—redundant ring structure, redundant dual-ring structure, and redundant mesh structure—are constructed for testing. The results show that the average self-diagnosis time is 0.1257 s, and the self-healing time is 0.5364 s, validating the efficiency and practicality of the proposed method. Furthermore, this study also proposes a robustness evaluation model based on sensor perception ability and coverage uniformity indicators, providing a theoretical basis for the self-healing capability of fiber optic sensing networks. This model aids in network topology optimization and fault recovery strategy design, contributing to the improvement of the stability and reliability of fiber optic sensing networks in practical applications.

Out-of-plane spin polarization σ z has attracted increasing interests of researchers recently, due to its potential in high-density and low-power spintronic devices. Noncollinear antiferromagnet (AFM), which has unique 120° triangular spin configuration, has been discovered to possess σ z . However, the physical origin of σ z in noncollinear AFM is still not clear, and the external magnetic field-free switching of perpendicular magnetic layer using the corresponding σ z has not been reported yet. Here, we use the cluster magnetic octupole in antiperovskite AFM Mn 3 SnN to demonstrate the generation of σ z . σ z is induced by the precession of carrier spins when currents flow through the cluster magnetic octupole, which also relies on the direction of the cluster magnetic octupole in conjunction with the applied current. With the aid of σ z , current induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of adjacent perpendicular ferromagnet is realized without external magnetic field. Our findings present a new perspective to the generation of out-of-plane spin polarizations via noncollinear AFM spin structure, and provide a potential path to realize ultrafast high-density applications. One consistent challenge in spintronics is electrical control of the magnetisation. Here, You et al demonstrate switching of magnetisation in a heterostucture composed of Mn3SnN and Permalloy, making use of the out-of-plane spin polarization induced by currents in the antiferromagnetic Mn3SnN.

The brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (SF) is historically consumed as a food material in Japan. A steaming process is often required for SF products on the market due to their moderate hardness and astringent taste. This investigation aimed to elucidate the effect of steaming on the anti-diabetic activity of SF and its related chemical components. Acetone extracts of SF were prepared after it were steamed for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h (SF-0h, SF-1h, SF-3h, and SF-4h, respectively). Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory profiles of each SF extract were made based on activity-guided separation. The active fractions were collected and NMR was applied for a further chemical composition analysis. Our results suggested that total polyphenol levels decreased drastically after steaming, which resulted in a drop in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The fatty acid, pheophytin a, and pyropheophytin a contents were elevated significantly after steaming, which contributed to the majority of the activity of steamed SF (SF-1h). However, prolonging the steaming time did not significantly affect the activity of SF further since the content of free fatty acids in steamed SF (SF-2h and SF-4h) almost did not change with a longer time of steaming. Moreover, palmitic acid, 8-octadecenoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid were identified as the top three important fatty acids for the inhibition of α-glucosidase by steamed SF. Further molecular docking results revealed that these fatty acids could interact with residues of α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. In conclusion, steaming altered the α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of SF by changing the contents of polyphenols, fatty acids, and chlorophyll derivatives.

Electronic patches, based on various mechanisms, allow continuous and noninvasive monitoring of biomolecules on the skin surface. However, to date, such devices are unable to sense biomolecules in deep tissues, which have a stronger and faster correlation with the human physiological status than those on the skin surface. Here, we demonstrate a photoacoustic patch for three-dimensional (3D) mapping of hemoglobin in deep tissues. This photoacoustic patch integrates an array of ultrasonic transducers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes on a common soft substrate. The high-power VCSEL diodes can generate laser pulses that penetrate >2 cm into biological tissues and activate hemoglobin molecules to generate acoustic waves, which can be collected by the transducers for 3D imaging of the hemoglobin with a high spatial resolution. Additionally, the photoacoustic signal amplitude and temperature have a linear relationship, which allows 3D mapping of core temperatures with high accuracy and fast response. With access to biomolecules in deep tissues, this technology adds unprecedented capabilities to wearable electronics and thus holds significant implications for various applications in both basic research and clinical practice. The authors present a wearable photoacoustic patch, which integrates laser diodes and piezoelectric transducers for three-dimensional imaging of hemoglobin and temperature in deep tissues.

Perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF), possessing low net magnetization and high thermal stability as well as easy reading and writing characteristics, have been intensively explored to replace the ferromagnetic free layers of magnetic tunnel junctions as the kernel of spintronic devices. So far, utilizing spin-orbit torque (SOT) to realize deterministic switching of perpendicular SAF have been reported while a large external magnetic field is typically needed to break the symmetry, making it impractical for applications. Here, combining theoretic analysis and experimental results, we report that the effective modulation of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction by the interfacial crystallinity between ferromagnets and adjacent heavy metals plays an important role in domain wall configurations. By adjusting the domain wall configuration between Bloch type and Néel type, we successfully demonstrate the field-free SOT-induced magnetization switching in [Co/Pd]/Ru/[Co/Pd] SAF devices constructed with a simple wedged structure. Our work provides a practical route for utilization of perpendicularly SAF in SOT devices and paves the way for magnetic memory devices with high density, low stray field, and low power consumption. Synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF), formed out of alternating layers of a ferromagnet with neutral spacer combine technologically appealing properties of both antiferromagnets and ferromagnets. Here, Chen et al demonstrate controlled switching of an SAF, without the need for an applied magnetic field.

Background Eggs represent important sources of protein and are widely loved by consumers. Egg yolk taste is an important index for egg selection, and the moisture content of the egg yolk affects the taste. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying egg yolk moisture content, this study determined the phenotype and heritability of egg yolk water content and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a mixed linear model. Results We determined the phenotype and heritability of thermogelled egg yolk water content (TWC) and found that the average TWC was 47.73%. Moreover, significant variations occurred (41.06–57.12%), and the heritability was 0.11, which indicates medium-low heritability. Through the GWAS, 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to TWC (20 significantly, 28 suggestively) were obtained, and they were mainly located on chromosomes 10 and 13. We identified 36 candidate genes based on gene function and found that they were mainly involved in regulating fat, protein, and water content and embryonic development. FGF9 , PIAS1 , FEM1B , NOX5 , GLCE , VDAC1 , IGFBP7 , and THOC5 were involved in lipid formation and regulation; AP3S2 , GNPDA1 , HSPA4 , AP1B1 , CABP7 , EEF1D , SYTL3 , PPP2CA , SKP1 , and UBE2B were involved in protein folding and hydrolysis; and CSF2 , SOWAHA , GDF9 , FSTL4 , RAPGEF6 , PAQR5 , and ZMAT5 were related to embryonic development and egg production. Moreover, MICU2 , ITGA11 , WDR76 , BLM , ANPEP , TECRL , EWSR1 , and P4HA2 were related to yolk quality, while ITGA11 , WDR76 , BLM , and ANPEP were potentially significantly involved in egg yolk water content and thus deserve further attention and research. In addition, this study identified a 19.31–19.92 Mb genome region on GGA10, and a linkage disequilibrium analysis identified strong correlations within this region. Thus, GGA10 may represent a candidate region for TWC traits. Conclusion The molecular genetic mechanism involved in TWC was revealed through heritability measurements and GWAS, which identified a series of SNPs, candidate genes, and candidate regions related to TWC. These results provide insights on the molecular mechanism of egg yolk moisture content and may aid in the development of new egg traits.

Powdery mildew poses a significant threat to wheat crops worldwide, emphasizing the need for durable disease control strategies. The wheat- Dasypyrum villosum T5AL·5 V#4 S and T5DL·5 V#4 S translocation lines carrying powdery mildew resistant gene Pm55 shows developmental-stage and tissue-specific resistance, whereas T5DL·5 V#5 S line carrying Pm5V confers resistance at all stages. Here, we clone Pm55 and Pm5V , and reveal that they are allelic and renamed as Pm55a and Pm55b , respectively. The two Pm55 alleles encode coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (CNL) proteins, conferring broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. However, they interact differently with a linked inhibitor gene, SuPm55 to cause different resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Notably, Pm55 and SuPm55 encode unrelated CNL proteins, and the inactivation of SuPm55 significantly reduces plant fitness. Combining SuPm55 / Pm55a and Pm55b in wheat does not result in allele suppression or yield penalty. Our results provide not only insights into the suppression of resistance in wheat, but also a strategy for breeding durable resistance. Powdery mildew threatens worldwide wheat production. Here, the authors report the cloning of two powdery mildew resistant Pm55 alleles and show that they exhibit distinct interactions with the inhibitor SuPm55 to cause different resistance.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) severely impairs human respiratory function, with an increasing incidence and mortality. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the characteristics and essence of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This study proposes an interpretable intelligent classification model—the MIV-GA-LM-BP (MGLB) model—to support syndrome differentiation in TCM for IPF. Based on 956 real-world clinical cases, the mean impact value (MIV) algorithm was employed for feature screening to identify key symptom-syndrome relationships and improve model interpretability. A hybrid optimization strategy combining the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) and genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to enhance the convergence speed and generalization performance of the BP neural network. Comparative experiments with GRA, PCA, and PSO demonstrated that the MGLB model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 81.22%, outperforming other models in both accuracy and stability. More importantly, the MIV-based feature screening enables transparent mapping between symptoms and syndromes, aligning well with TCM diagnostic logic. The proposed model not only provides a standardized reference for IPF diagnosis but also offers a new methodological framework for developing AI-driven TCM diagnostic tools. It contributes to the modernization and standardization of TCM and supports the integration of intelligent systems into clinical decision-making.