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Endophytic fungi can promote host plant growth, enhance antioxidant defense enzyme activity, and induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondarymetabolites. Therefore, using endophytic fungi to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants or important crops is an effective means of regulation. Colletotrichum sp. AP12 has been reported to produce andrographolide compounds (ADCs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of AP12 and its elicitors on the growth, defense enzyme activity, accumulation, and transcription levels of key genes in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees ( A. paniculata ). Using fermentation method to prepare AP12 into the inactivated fermentation solution (IFS), fermentation solution (FS), inactivated mycelium solution (IMS), and mycelium solution (MS), and the results showed that all four fungal elicitor components (ECs) could promote A. paniculata growth, enhance antioxidant defense enzymes, and increase ADC content and yield, especially the IMS group that had the highest leaf area, whole plant dry weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, total lactone contents, and yields, which were 2.37-, 1.60-, 2.20-, 3.27-, 1.59-, and 2.65-fold of the control, respectively. The 14-deoxyandrographolide (NAD) in the host irrigated with MS was 3.35-fold that of the control. In addition, AP12-infected A. paniculata sterile seedlings could significantly increase ADC content and expression levels of key enzyme genes, especially on day 12, when the total lactone content of the host reached 88.881± 5.793 mg/g DW, while on day 6, CPS gene expression level reached 10.79-fold that of the control, in turn promoting the biosynthesis and accumulation of andrographolide. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus AP12 is beneficial to the growth and secondary metabolism of A. paniculata , which is helpful for the cultivation and application of the biological bacterial fertilizer in A. paniculata , providing a theoretical and research basis for the use of endophytic fungi as a microbial resource to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants.

Aim： To study the effects of delayed and missed doses （poor compliance） on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine （CBZ） and its main active metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide （CBZE） in Chinese epilepsy patients using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods： CBZ and CBZE time-concentration profiles in various scenarios were generated based on a population pharmacokinetic study in Chinese epilepsy patients using Monte Carlo simulation. The scenarios included patients given multiple doses of CBZ that ranged from 100 to 300 mg three times daily or from 200 to 300 mg every 12 h. The therapeutic range of CBZ and CBZE for each scenario was estimated to assess the effect of delayed or missed doses and to design corresponding rescue regimens. Moreover, the impact of body weight, absorption rate and co-therapy with other antiepileptic drugs （phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproic acid） on the dosage recommendation was investigated in the event of poor compliance. Results： The risk for a sub-therapeutic range of CBZ and CBZE was increased in a dose-dependent manner in both two and three times daily regimens when delayed or missed doses occurred. The effects of poor compliance was less prominent on the lower daily doses compared with those on the higher daily doses. The dose recommendations, in the event of poor compliance, were time related and dose dependent. Patient body weight, absorption rate and co-therapy with phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproic acid had no significant impact on the dose recommendation. Conclusion; Patients with epilepsy should take the delayed doses as soon as they remember, and partial missed doses may need to be taken near or at the next scheduled time.

The small-scale fading model for HAP-based communication channel is analyzed, the structure and algorithm of double-binary Turbo encoding and decoding are studied. Numerical results show the BER performance with different interleaving depth and interleaving length of double-binary Turbo codes using QPSK modulation over Rayleigh fading channel.

The Rayleigh approximation model is used for analyzing fog attenuation of the HAP-based communication system, the influence of transmitter elevation to fog attenuation under different temperature and liquid water density are studied, Numerical results show the optimum transmitter elevation angle in a ka-band HAP-based communication system under fog attenuation.

The statistical model is used for analyzing the characteristic of the HAP-based communication channel, the structure and algorithm of LDPC encoding and decoding in DVB-S2 are studied, the LDPC BICM system over the HAP-based communication channel are established. Numerical results show the effects of different code length and coderate under different modulation methods.

To investigate the tensile deformation behavior of high strength anti-seismic steel with multi-phase microstructure, tensile tests with strains of 0.05, 0.12 and 0.22 were performed at room temperature. Microstructure of tested steels was observed by means of optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile mechanical properties of tested steels were obtained, and the influence of bainite content on deformation behavior was also discussed. Meanwhile, the deformation mechanism of steel with three kinds of microstructures of bainite, pearlite and ferrite was analyzed. Results show that tested steel with high volume fraction of bainite exhibits a continuous deformation behavior, and this may be attributed to a higher bainite volume fraction and a lower mobile dislocation density. The morphology of microstructure will influence the mechanical properties of tested steels. An increasing content of bainite can improve the tensile strength, but reduce the plasticity and toughness of the tested steels. In the deformation process of 0.039Nb steel, the ferrite and bainite have priorities to deform, and the deformation exhibits co-deformation of all microstructures in the later stage of deformation. In the deformation process of 0.024Nb-0.032V steel, the ferrite and pearlite have priorities to deform, and the deformation exhibits co-deformation of all microstructures in the later stage of deformation.

To investigate the tensile deformation behavior of high strength anti-seismic steel with multi-phase microstructure,tensile tests with strains of 0.05,0.12 and 0.22 were performed at room temperature.Microstructure of tested steels was observed by means of optical microscopy(OM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Tensile mechanical properties of tested steels were obtained,and the influence of bainite content on deformation behavior was also discussed.Meanwhile,the deformation mechanism of steel with three kinds of microstructures of bainite,pearlite and ferrite was analyzed.Results show that tested steel with high volume fraction of bainite exhibits a continuous deformation behavior,and this may be attributed to a higher bainite volume fraction and a lower mobile dislocation density.The morphology of microstructure will influence the mechanical properties of tested steels.An increasing content of bainite can improve the tensile strength,but reduce the plasticity and toughness of the tested steels.In the deformation process of 0.039 Nb steel,the ferrite and bainite have priorities to deform,and the deformation exhibits co-deformation of all microstructures in the later stage of deformation.In the deformation process of 0.024Nb-0.032 Vsteel,the ferrite and pearlite have priorities to deform,and the deformation exhibits co-deformation of all microstructures in the later stage of deformation.

Background： Two recent whole-exome sequencing researches identifying somatic mutations in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 （USP8） gene in pituitary corticotroph adenomas provide exciting advances in this field. These mutations drive increased epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） signaling and promote adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） production. This study was to investigate whether the inhibition of USP8 activity could be a strategy/br the treatment of Cushing＇s disease （CD）. Methods： The anticancer effect of USP8 inhibitor was determined by testing cell viability, colony tbrmation, apoptosis, and ACTH secretion. The immunoblotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were conducted to explore the signaling pathway by USP8 inhibition. Results： Inhibition of USP8-induced degradation of receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR, EGFR-2 （ERBB2）, and Met leading to a suppression of ArT20 cell growth and ACTH secretion. Moreover, treatment with USP8 inhibitor markedly induced AtT20 cells apoptosis. Conclusions： Inhibition of USP8 activity could be an effective strategy for CD. It might provide a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of CD.

Background： Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） is the most common mental and behavioral disorder in school-aged children. This study evaluated the effect of osmotic-release oral system （OROS） methylphenidate （MPH） on cognitive function and academic performance of Chinese school-aged children with ADHD. Methods： This 12-week, prospective, multicenter, open-label, self-controlled study enrolled 153 Chinese school-aged children with ADHD and 41 non-ADHD children. Children with ADHD were treated with once-daily OROS-MPH （18 mg, 36 mg, or 54 mg）. The primary endpoints were Inattention/Overactivity （I/O） with Aggression Conners Behavior Rating Scale （IOWA） and Digit Span Test at week 12 compared with baseline. Secondary endpoints included opposition/defiant （O/D） subscale of IOWA, Clinical Global Impression （CGI）, Coding Test, Stroop Color-word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test （WCST）, academic performance on teacher-rated school examinations, and safety at week 12 compared with baseline. Both non-ADHD and ADHD children received the same frequency of cognitive operational test to avoid the possible bias caused by training. Results： A total of 128 patients were evaluated with cognitive assessments. The OROS-MPH treatment significantly improved IOWA Conners I/O subscale scores at week 12 （3.8 ± 2.3） versus baseline （10.0 ± 2.4; P 〈 0.0001）. Digit Span Test scores improved significantly （P 〈 0.0001 ） with a high remission rate （81.1%） at week 12 versus baseline. A significant （P 〈 0.0001 ） improvement was observed in O/D subscale of IOWA, CGI, Coding Test, Stroop Color-word Test, WCST, and academic performance at week 12 versus baseline. Very few practice-related improvements were noticed in the non-ADHD group at week 12 compared with baseline. No serious adverse events and deaths were reported during the study. Conclusions： The OROS-MPH treatment effectively controlled symptoms of ADHD and significantly improved academic performance and cognitive fimction of Chinese school-aged children with ADHD. The treatment was found to be sate and generally well-tolerated over 12 weeks.

The increasing demand for disease modeling, preclinical drug testing, and long waiting lists for alternative organ substitutes has posed significant challenges to current limitations in organoid technology. Consequently, organoid technology has emerged as a cutting-edge tool capable of accurately recapitulating the complexity of actual organs in physiology and functionality. To bridge the gaps between basic research and pharmaceutical as well as clinical applications, efforts have been made to develop organoids from tissue-derived stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. These developments include optimizing starting cells, refining culture systems, and introducing genetic modifications. With the rapid development of organoid technology, organoid composition has evolved from single-cell to multi-cell types, enhancing their level of biomimicry. Tissue structure has become more refined, and core challenges like vascularization are being addressed actively. These improvements are expected to pave the way for the construction of organoid atlases, automated large-scale cultivation, and universally compatible organoid biobanks. However, major obstacles remain to be overcome before urgently proof-of-concept organoids can be readily converted to practical applications. These obstacles include achieving structural and functional summarily to native tissue, remodeling the microenvironment, and scaling up production. This review aims to summarize the status of organoid development and applications, highlight recent progress, acknowledge existing limitations and challenges, and provide insights into future advancements. It is expected that this will contribute to the establishment of a reliable, scalable, and practical platform for organoid production and translation, further promoting their use in the pharmaceutical industry and regenerative medicine.