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Symptomatic chikungunya and chronic post-infection arthralgia in a highly endemic setting in Northeastern Brazil, 2018–2019: Clinical characteristics, prevalence and associated factors
Chikungunya, an Aedes -borne disease, poses a significant global health threat due to its substantial morbidity. The prevalence of symptomatic chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and chronic arthralgia, as well as their associated factors, vary geographically and across studies. We estimated the prevalence of these outcomes in a household-based survey conducted in a large northeastern Brazilian city (2018–2019) approximately three years after the city’s first CHIKV outbreak (2016). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected through interviews, and arboviruses serostatus (IgG and/or IgM) was determined using ELISA. Arthralgia severity was assessed via Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Prevalence estimates (95% CI) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to address multicollinearity and identify latent risk profiles . Of the 760 CHIKV-exposed participants, 70% (95% CI: 66.7–73.2; n = 532) reported symptomatic infections. Among those reporting arthralgia (n = 499), 36.5% (95% CI: 32.4–40.8) experienced symptoms lasting >90 days, and of these, over 70% reported severe pain (VAS ≥ 8). In multivariable analyses, older age (aPR = 1.21 [36–50 years], aPR = 1.19 [51–65 years]), female sex (aPR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08–1.32), and prior DENV exposure (aPR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.03–2.04) were associated with – symptomatic infection, whereas higher income showed a protective association. PCA confirmed these formed distinct risk profiles; a sociodemographic component (older age, prior DENV and single marital status) and a biological sex component each independently increased the odds of symptomatic disease by 31% (aOR=1.31). For chronic arthralgia, risk increased with older age (aPR = 4.60 [51–65 years]), female sex (aPR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.29–2.25), and severe acute pain (aPR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.86–4.55), but inversely associated with low income (aPR = 0.67). These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, particularly for older adults, women, and low-income groups. Further studies are needed to elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying these associations.
Journal Article
Medicinal Potential of Garcinia Species and Their Compounds
Garcinia is a genus of Clusiaceae, distributed throughout tropical Asia, Africa, New Caledonia, Polynesia, and Brazil. Garcinia plants contain a broad range of biologically active metabolites which, in the last few decades, have received considerable attention due to the chemical compositions of their extracts, with compounds which have been shown to have beneficial effects in several diseases. Our work had the objective of reviewing the benefits of five Garcinia species (G. brasiliensis, G. gardneriana, G. pedunculata, G. cambogia, and G. mangstana). These species provide a rich natural source of bioactive compounds with relevant therapeutic properties and anti-inflammatory effects, such as for the treatment of skin disorders, wounds, pain, and infections, having demonstrated antinociceptive, antioxidant, antitumoral, antifungal, anticancer, antihistaminic, antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, vasodilator, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective properties. This demonstrates the relevance of the genus as a rich source of compounds with valuable therapeutic properties, with potential use in the prevention and treatment of nontransmissible chronic diseases.
Journal Article
Effects of metformin on inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone loss in a rat model of periodontitis
To evaluate the effects of metformin (Met) on inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone loss in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis.
Male albino Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups of twenty-one rats each, and given the following treatments for 10 days: (1) no ligature + water, (2) ligature + water, (3) ligature + 50 mg/kg Met, (4) ligature + 100 mg/kg Met, and (5) ligature + 200 mg/kg Met. Water or Met was administered orally. Maxillae were fixed and scanned using Micro-computed Tomography (μCT) to quantitate linear and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) volumetric bone loss. Histopathological characteristics were assessed through immunohistochemical staining for MMP-9, COX-2, the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, SOD-1, and GPx-1. Additionally, confocal microscopy was used to analyze osteocalcin fluorescence. UV-VIS analysis was used to examine the levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, IL-1β and TNF-α from gingival tissues. Quantitative RT-PCR reaction was used to gene expression of AMPK, NF-κB (p65), and Hmgb1 from gingival tissues. Significance among groups were analysed using a one-way ANOVA. A p-value of p<0.05 indicated a significant difference.
Treatment with 50 mg/kg Met significantly reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde, IL-1β, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Additionally, weak staining was observed for COX-2, MMP-9, RANK, RANKL, SOD-1, and GPx-1 after 50 mg/kg Met. OPG and Osteocalcin showed strong staining in the same group. Radiographically, linear measurements showed a statistically significant reduction in bone loss after 50 mg/kg Met compared to the ligature and Met 200 mg/kg groups. The same pattern was observed volumetrically in BV/TV and decreased osteoclast number (p<0.05). RT-PCR showed increased AMPK expression and decreased expression of NF-κB (p65) and HMGB1 after 50 mg/kg Met.
Metformin, at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, decreases the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
Journal Article
Unveiling the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases
The global population above 60 years has been growing exponentially in the last decades, which is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, highlighting cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Aging is the main risk factor for these diseases. Such susceptibility to disease is explained, at least in part, by the increase of oxidative stress, in which it damages cellular components such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. In addition, the chronic inflammatory process in aging “inflammaging” also contributes to cell damage, creating a stressful environment which drives to the development of CVDs. Taken together, it is possible to identify the molecular connection between oxidative stress and the inflammatory process, especially by the crosstalk between the transcription factors Nrf-2 and NF-κB which are mediated by redox signalling and are involved in aging. Therapies that control this process are key targets in the prevention/combat of age-related CVDs. In this review, we show the basics of inflammation and oxidative stress, including the crosstalk between them, and the implications on age-related CVDs.
Journal Article
أسطورة سو
كان يا مكان في قديم الزمان، مملكة تدعى (سو) ومنذ آلاف السنين، عاش في هذه المملكة أناس اتصفوا بالتواضع وبالألفة والمحبة والسلام وكان حاكم تلك المملكة ملك مسن يدعى (ساجا) كان حكيما وطويلا جدا وطاغية لا يستمع إلي مطالبا الشعب الفقير ولم يكن للرعايا أدنى فكرة عن العلم والمعلمين، لقد احتكر الملك الحكيم المعرفة واستغلها لإخضاع أبناء الرعية له ولإثقال كواهلهم بالضرائب ولفرض سلطته عليهم. تتوالى الأيام حتى يطلب الملك من الفنان الموهوب (كراسو) أن ينحت له تمثالا ذهبيا وكان هذا الطلب هو المفتاح الذي استطاع من خلاله هذا الفنان الذكي وبالتعاون مع الناسك فيرجل كشف السر الدفين الذي استطاع من خلاله الملك إخضاع الشعب لسلطته. لقد عثر (كراسو) أخيرا على كتاب الحياة، الكتاب الذي يحمل المعرفة التي سوف يستخدمها (كراسو) في تحرير شعب مملكة (سو) وحتى الممالك الأخرى من العبودية. (أسطورة سو) قصة من الثقافة البرازيلية كتبها تياغودي ميلو أندريد في سبعة فصول مشوقة للأولاد بهدف تعريفهم بأهمية العلم وما تحتويه الكتب من معلومات لمعرفة ماذا يوجد في هذا الكون الواسع ببحاره وأنهاره وجباله وحكامه وناسه، إضافة إلى الحث على التفكير وإعمال العقل والحرية في التفكير وعدم فرض وجهة نظرنا على الآخرين ونشر ثقافة السلام والمحبة والتسامح بين الناس أجمعين.
Book
Chitosan Coating with Rosemary Extract Increases Shelf Life and Reduces Water Losses from Beef
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of films based on chitosan and rosemary extract on the physicochemical, microbiological, and oxidative characteristics of beef. Refrigerated steaks of Longissimus dorsi were distributed in a factorial arrangement (4 × 4) into four treatments consisting of four edible films (control; chitosan; chitosan + 4% rosemary extract; and chitosan + 8% rosemary extract) and four days of aging (0, 2, 4, and 8 days). Incorporating 4% or 8% rosemary extract into the chitosan film improved the characteristics of the films in terms of moisture absorption and elasticity. The edible coatings with chitosan and rosemary extract and the different days of aging increased the tenderness and decreased the lipid oxidation of beef. In addition, the chitosan films containing rosemary extract increased the water-holding capacity and decreased the cooking losses of beef. The films containing 4% and 8% rosemary extract decreased the development of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and Staphylococcus ssp. in beef. We recommend incorporating 4% rosemary extract into chitosan-based coatings to preserve the quality of refrigerated beef.
Journal Article