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This study aimed to optimize the antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts for control of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms using food model media based on meat and milk. The extracts of 7 medicinal plants (Gambooge, Clove, Marjoram, Galangal, Thyme, Cinnamon and Marigold) were screened for their antimicrobial activities against nine standard microbial strains (S. aureus, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosae, S. enterica, C. albicans, Rhizopus sp and A. flavus). All alcoholic extracts (except that of Marigold) inhibited all tested microorganisms. Gambooge extracts showed the best activity against all tested microorganisms producing the widest inhibition zones ranged from 13 to 40 and 8 to 25 mm against bacteria and fungi respectively, followed by Clove extracts with inhibition zones ranged from 11 to 33 and 8 to 22 mm respectively. The most susceptible bacteria among Gram-positives to the tested plant extracts were Bacillus cereus, while the least susceptible were L. monocytogenes. The most susceptible bacteria among Gram-negative bacteria were Salmonella enterica while the least susceptible were P. aeruginosa. on the other hand fungal strains showed the highest resistance more than all tested bacteria and yeast. aqueous extracts showed less activity than alcoholic extracts. When the methanolic extracts were mixed into food models the antimicrobial activity were reduced and the required minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were duplicated. MICs of Gambooge extract ranged from 0.234 to 3.750, 0.468 to 6.666 and 0.877 to 7.5 mg/ml when tested on microbiological (control) media, meat model and milk model respectively. The antimicrobial activity was reduced on semi-skimmed milk model more than that on meat model and control media respectively. The results indicated that plant extracts possessing antimicrobial activity can be exploited as ideal food preservatives after taken into account the reaction and interaction between food components and extract.

This study aims to investigate the quality, nutritional value and therapeutic properties of essential oil of the Eruca sativa Mill. Our study evaluated the nutritional value of essential oil of the E. sativa by locating the content of moisture, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral (nutritional and toxic) elements and fatty acids. Also, determined the quality of E. sativa essential oil by physicochemical parameters. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) were determined. This study also evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activities by two methods. The yield of the essential oil extracted (w/ w) was 0.3 % and chemically analyzed. The results of the study show that the oil has a high nutritional value that proved to be particularly rich in mineral nutrients and fatty acids. The results indicated that essential oil of E. sativa has higher resistance to autoxidation, higher quality, longer shelf life, suitable for use as salad, chocolate or cooking oil and edible. The results showed that essential oil of the E. sativa has significant antimicrobial activities against the microorganisms, including seven human pathogenic bacteria showed resistance to some antibiotics.

N'-(2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene) naphthalene-2-sulfonohydrazide (SB) was prepared by condensation reaction, of naphthalene-2-sulfonylchloride with 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde. The Schiff base product (SB) was isolated, purified and then spectrally characterized via UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR analysis, where strong evidences confirmed the formation of the desired product. Pancreatic porcine lipase inhibition of the Schiff base product was evaluated and compared with the reference \"Orlistat\". The product was an active as a lipase enzyme inhibitor with IC50 42.65±0.97 mcg/ml. The molecular docking of the compound with porcine pancreatic lipase was investigating, the results of theoretical docking explained the experimental one since several hydrogen bonds between the Schiff base compound and amino acids in lipase were detected. Antimicrobial activity of SB product was also evaluated in vitro against several types of bacteria such as: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and MRSA by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test using tetracycline (TE) as a standard antibiotic. Results showed a bacteriostatic effect of this compound against bacteria such as MRSA, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae.

This master's thesis presents an advanced study on the functionalization of graphene with amines and metallic nanoparticles to enhance its antimicrobial properties, within the field of applied chemistry and nanoscience. Researcher Osama Abdelsattar aims to develop hybrid nanomaterials with high biological activity for potential medical and environmental applications, such as surface sterilization and water purification. The study involved preparing graphene samples functionalized with amine groups and subsequently decorated with silver, copper, and gold nanoparticles using wet chemical synthesis and controlled deposition techniques. The resulting composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM analyses to determine their crystalline structure and surface morphology. Findings revealed that amine functionalization improved the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles on the graphene surface, increasing surface reactivity and significantly enhancing antibacterial and antifungal activity. Biological assays demonstrated strong inhibition of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with free nanoparticles, confirming the synergistic effect of the graphene-based hybrid system. The researcher concludes that amine-modified graphene combined with metallic nanoparticles represents a promising approach for developing antimicrobial materials applicable in medical devices, filtration membranes, and protective coatings. The study recommends further exploration of other bioactive molecules to optimize performance for industrial and environmental uses. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI.

The objective of the present study was the assessment of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Senna italic., from n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. In addition, the total polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins contents of these extracts were determined and; were screened for their antimicrobial activity using cup diffusion assay against four standard strains of bacteria, two Gram-positive strains (Bacillus subtitles and Staphylococcus aurous), two Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungal strains (Aspergillums Niger and Candida barbicans). Antioxidant activity was screened using 2,2-Di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picryl-hydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH). Total polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins contents were determined by spectrophotometric assays. Generally, the results of antimicrobial activity showed that extracts of the plant exhibited better antifungal activity than antibacterial. The highest antifungal activity against Angier and Candida albinos., was recorded from the methanol extract of Senna italic., (inhibition zone (IZ)= 22±1.4 and 20±1.1 mm respectively), flowed by ethyl acetate extract against C.albicans., (IZ= 14±0.2 mm); while the highest antibacterial activity of the methanol extract against Ecbolic., gave the best activity (IZ= 13±0.4 mm), flowed by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa., and Bacillus stabiles (IZ= 12±0.3 mm) from the disc diffusion method. The highest scavenging radical activity was obtained from the methanol extract and gave (24%). Quantitative analysis revealed the total polyphenol value, with the highest result shown in ethyl acetate (188.6 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ g) and the flowed methanol extract (70.6±0.04 mg (GAE)/ g).The highest total flavonoids content value was recorded from the chloroform extract (356.66±0.43 mg quercetin equivalent/ g), flowed by methanol extract (269.33 mg quercetin equivalent/ g),while the highest total tannins content value was found in methanol extract (38±0.03 mg tannic acid equivalents/ g).

This study was conducted to assess the chemical composition of two Sudanese wild Medicinal Plants used in the traditional medicine for the wide range of ailments and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The petroleum ether and methanol + water (80:20) extracts of aerial parts of Guiera senegalensis and Solenostemma argel leaves at different concentrations (10, 25 and 50%) were tested against six types of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Aspergellus niger and Candida albicans), using the agar- well diffusion method. The results of petroleum ether and methanol extracts of Guiera senegalensis showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Good activity was exhibited by the Petroleum ether extract of S. argel which significantly active against E. coli and S. aureus. The results of plants compared with standard antibiotics found that the antibacterial drug is less active than the plants extracts, while the antifungal drugs are more active than the plants extracts. The results showed that the two plants contain: Alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, saponins, sterols, triterpenes and coumarins as major secondary metabolites. Study concluded that the bacterial species tested were found to be sensitive to petroleum ether and methanol+ water extracts from aerial parts of G. senegalensis in all different concentrations with diameter of inhibition zone ranged from (10-31mm) but there was very effective bactericidal in high concentrations. The plant contained variety of different chemical compositions.

This study investigates the application of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) gel as an antimicrobial treatment to preserve wall paintings in the Palace of Prince Youssef Kamal, Upper Egypt. The wall paintings surface, susceptible to microbial deterioration were sampled, and the isolated bacteria underwent treatment with synthesized AgNP gel. The gel was produced through a two-stage process involving sonication and precipitation, yielding nanoparticles with a size range of 10-50 nm, which were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Antimicrobial efficacy was tested through the well diffusion method, to indicate a dose-dependent inhibition of Bacillus growth, with the largest inhibition zone observed at the highest concentration (500 ppm). In addition, the study evaluated the impact of AgNPs gel on pigment stability using colorimetric measurements in the CIELAB color space. Results indicated that while most pigments retained their color, some, particularly yellow ochre and black, exhibited moderate discoloration post-treatment. These findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of AgNPs gel for conservation, suggesting its suitability for microbial control while noting the need for caution regarding pigment sensitivity.

Isatin based materials can exhibit a wide range of biological activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic, antitumor, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, analgesic, and central nervous system depressant activities. In this study, six compounds containing 5-Fluoro-isatin thiosemicarbazone with fluorophenyl and nitrophenyl or fluorophenyl and nitrophenyl in different positions and zinc complexes were evaluated based on their biological activities. 5-Fluoro isatin -3-(N-2- Fluorophenyl) Thiosemicarbazone and 5-Fluoro isatin-3-(N-4-Nitro phenyl) Thiosemicarbazone were the strongest compounds affecting gram positive bacteria compared to the other compounds. Also, this compound indicated better antimicrobial activity than positive control antibiotics. Besides, 5-Fluoro isatin-3- (N-4- Fluorophenyl) Thiosemicarbazone showed large inhibition zone equal to 13 mm against to some gram negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Serratia marrescens.

Maintaining oral hygiene through regular removal of dental plaque and deposits is essential for preventing dental caries. Oral hygiene practices vary across different populations, societies, and cultures. Despite the widespread use of toothbrushes and toothpaste, this study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of the miswak chewing stick in vivo on oral bacteria. The study involved volunteers using fresh miswak for 6 minutes, with saliva samples (2 ml) collected before and after use by expectorating into a sterile glass test tube. The results showed a significant decrease in the total number of surviving bacterial colonies in the saliva samples, with mean bacterial counts of 286,816.3 ± 535.5524 (n=50) before and 153,020.4 ± 391.1782 after using the miswak. This reduction was statistically significant (p = 0.000535). It can be concluded that using miswak has beneficial effects such as antiseptic, antimicrobial, anticariogenic, and analgesic properties. it is recommended to encourage the use of miswak as part of daily oral hygiene routines alongside toothbrushes and toothpaste and incorporate the use of miswak into school health programs to foster healthy habits among children from an early age.