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Background： Urine output （UO） is an essential criterion of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes （KD1GO） definition and classification system tbr acute kidney injury （AKI）, of which the diagnostic value has not been extensively studied. We aimed to determine whether AKI based on KDIGO UO criteria （KDtGOLro） could improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, compared with KDIGO serum creatinine criteria （KDIGOscr）.Methods： We conducted a secondary analysis of the database of a previous study conducted by China Critical Care Clinical Trial Group （CCCCTG）, which was a 2-month prospective cohort study （July 1,2009 to August 31,2009） involving 3063 patients in 22 tertiary Intensive Care Units in Mainland of China. AKI was diagnosed and classified separately based on KDIGOt,o and KDlGOsc,. Hospital mortality of patients with more severe AKI classification based on KDIGOvo was compared with other patients by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results： The prevalence of AKl increased from 52.4% based on KDIGOscr to 55.4% based on KD1GOsc~ combined with KDIGOuo. KDIGOv~~ also restllted in an upgrade of AKI classification in 7.3% of patients, representing those with more severe AK1 classification based on KDIGOvo. Compared with non-AKI patients or those with maximum AKI classification by KDIGOscr, those with maximum AKI classification by KDIGOuo had a significantly higher hospital mortality of 58.4% （odds ratio [OR]： 7.580, 95% confidence interval [CI]： 4.141-13.873, P 〈 0.001）. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, AKI based on KDIGOuo （OR： 2.891, 95% CI： 1.964-4.254, P 〈 0.001）, but not based on KDIGOscr （OR： 1.322, 95% CI： 0.902-1.939, P = 0.152）, was an independent risk factor for hospital mortality. Conclusion： UO was a criterion with additional value beyond creatinine criterion for AKI diagnosis and classification, which can help identify a group of patients with high risk of death.

The aims of the study were to investigate the incidence of C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars in a native Chinese population using radiography and clinical examination under microscope and to compare the relative efficacies of these methods. For the recognition of C-shaped root canal system, 1 146 mandibular second molars were selected and examined. Teeth with C-shaped canal systems were categorized by using the radiographic classification criteria and the modified Melton＇s method. C-shaped canals were identified in 397 （34.64%） mandibular second molars by radiography （type I, 31.23%; type II, 38.29%; type III, 30.48%）. Clinical examination showed that 449 （39.18%） cases exhibited C-shaped canal systems （C1, 22.94%; C2, 48.11%; C3a, 15.59%; C3b, 13.36%）. As for the result of the radiographic and clinical combined examination, C-shaped root canals were found in 473 （41.27%） mandibular second molars （C1, 21.78%; C2, 45.67%; C3a, 16.70%; C3b, 15.86%）. The incidence of C-shaped root canal diagnosed by radiographic method was statistically different from that by clinical examination and the combined examination （P〈O.05）. The study indicated a high incidence of C-shaped canal system in a Chinese population. The combination of microscopic and radiographic examination is an effective method in identifying the C-shaped root canal system.

A criterion for the classification of Bott towers is presented, i.e., two Bott towers B ^sub *^(A) and B ^sub *^(A') are isomorphic if and only if the matrices A and A' are equivalent. The equivalence relation is defined by two operations on matrices. And it is based on the observation that any Bott tower B ^sub *^(A) is uniquely determined by its structure matrix A, which is a strictly upper triangular integer matrix. The classification of Bott towers is closely related to the cohomological rigidity problem for both Bott towers and Bott manifolds.

Since release of the latest WHO manual with the new lower reference values of semen parameters, a lot of discussion has been raised about their usefulness and appropriateness for assessment of male fertility. As with the previous reference values the new limits do neither allow an andrological diagnosis based on nosological criteria nor clear-cut differentiation between fertility and sub-/infertility. Therefore, considering the fact that fertility is a continuum, the new lower reference limits should not be overestimated. Most probably, more sperm function tests, such as determination of DNA integrity, and--in the future--assessment of biomarkers, such as sperm proteomics will be included into andrological work-up, thus resulting in a more personalized approach of infertility management. On the other hand, the detailed instructions for standard and advanced semen analysis provided in the new manual are very much appreciated and should be adopted by each seriously workin~ laboratory.

In recent years the evolution of olfactory bulb periglomerular cells, as well as the function of periglomerular cells in olfactory encoding, has attracted increasing attention. Studies of neural information encoding based on the analysis of simulation and modeling have given rise to electrophysiological models of periglomerular cells, which have an important role in the under- standing of the biology of these cells. In this review we provide a brief introduction to the anatomy of the olfactory system and the cell types in the olfactory bulb. We elaborate on the latest progress in the study of the heterogeneity of periglomerular cells based on different classification criteria, such as molecular markers, structure, ion channels and action potentials. Then, we discuss the several existing electrophysiological models of periglomerular cells, and we highlight the problems and defects of these models. Finally, considering our present work, we propose a future direction for electrophysiological investigations of periglomerular cells and for the modeling of periglomerular cells and olfactory information encoding.

临床医生和放射诊断科医生对影像学的格式化报告和标准术语的要求正在不断增加。一项研究[1]发现，CT报告在对肺结节边缘和钙化表述上不统一。另一项研究[2]比较了Fleischner Society Glossary中列举的影像术语和它们常用医学词典中的一致性，包括国际疾病分类、标准参考医学术语和统一医学语言系统等，发现Fleischner术语应用率低，仅为3%-36%[3]。另一方面，研究提示对特殊疾病的标准影像学报告，如乳腺癌筛查报告可以改善患者治疗结果。因此希望对疑似胸腺瘤的前纵隔肿瘤制定标准的描述术语和提高这些术语的应用率，达到能促进临床医生和放射科医生之间的交流的目的，最终给患者治疗带来获益。除了制定统一的术语，报告中还应包含相关疾病知识，使之具有疾病特异性。美国放射医师协会制定了乳腺影像报告和数据系统，描述在钼靶和超声影像发现的乳腺病灶，发现影像报告结果与组织学结果具有相关性[4]。乳腺影像报告和数据系统提供一个对应各种病理类型的百分概率，并在临床上得到广泛应用[5]。一个相似的系统应用于甲状腺结节的超声评估，将这些结节分为高度恶性可能和低度恶性可能，指导适当的临床治疗，这个系统被称为甲状腺影像报告数据系统[6]。

饮酒是日常生活中常见的行为,关于饮酒方面的研究很多,涉及酒精对社会、个体的躯体和心理的影响,主要集中在饮酒量、饮酒现状的分布,酒消费总量,饮酒带来的躯体、社会危害,酒精依赖的心理、社会、躯体原因,饮酒相关疾病负担等方面,但对日常饮酒的评估和饮酒模式的判断研究较少.

目標：本研究主要探討職業安全衛生法適用範圍之意義與變革，發現問題，並予檢討。方法：本研究採用文獻分析法、內容分析法與歷史研究法，蒐集歷年法規與行業標準分類沿革相關文獻，透過時間序列分析、比對，歸納適用範圍修正原因與方向。另採比較分析法，與勞動基準法適用範圍比較。結果：本法適用範圍可區分為4期，即「適用範圍4階段論」。第1階段係草創期，當時僅明定適用5大行業。第2階段為擴大期，適用範圍由5大行業擴大為14種事業。第3階段為改革期，刪除適用行業標準分類之規定，使適用範圍與行業標準分類脫鉤。第4階段為成熟期，適用範圍由14種事業，修改為「適用於各業」。結論：勞工安全衛生法從最初適用於5大行業，修正為職業安全衛生法「適用於各業」，可謂劃時代進步。除具體回應國際公約對「人人享有安全衛生工作環境」之宣示，更象徵我國職業安全衛生標準與各重要國家接軌的決心。新法施行後，當可樹立我國職業安全衛生新標竿。