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7 result(s) for "国际关系理论"
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A Theory of Foreign Policy
This book presents a general explanation of how states develop their foreign policy. The theory stands in contrast to most approaches--which assume that states want to maximize security--by assuming that states pursue two things, or goods, through their foreign policy: change and maintenance. States, in other words, try both to change aspects of the international status quo that they don't like and maintain those aspects they do like. A state's ability to do so is largely a function of its relative capability, and since national capability is finite, a state must make trade-offs between policies designed to achieve change or maintenance.
THE NEOREALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM BEHIND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DURING COVID-19
The literature contains much discussion on the contemporary differences between neorealism and neoliberalism, especially in the context of international relations. However there have, as yet, been limited attempts to investigate how these international relations theories fare in explaining state responses to the COVID-19 outbreak. This study reviews the conceptual frameworks underpinning neorealism and neoliberalism and applies them to key state behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak. Some examples of neorealism attached to the current pandemic include: criticism of the role of the World Health Organization, the closure of international borders, international competition to collect pharmaceutical products, bans on exports, richer states protecting their national interests, the international misuse of power during emergency orders, restrictions placed on the international media, and the deployment of military forces. By contrast, neoliberalism’s focus on international cooperation is noted in U.S., Chinese, and other countries’ attempts to distribute knowledge and aid internationally, as well as in the efforts of key international organizations like the World Health Organization and the global Covax initiative. I offer an evidence-based conceptual framework using neorealism and neoliberalism to show how both have informed international behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak—although continued emphasis on the former shows few signs of abating as the pandemic approaches its third year. La literatura contiene mucha discusión sobre las diferencias contemporáneas entre neorrealismo y neoliberalismo, especialmente en el contexto de las relaciones internacionales (RI). Sin embargo, ha habido intentos limitados de comprender laRI durante el brote de COVID-19 utilizando los lentes del neorrealismo y el neoliberalismo. Este estudio revisa una extensa literatura sobre neorrealismo y neoliberalismo para comprender el comportamiento de los estados durante el brote de COVID-19. Algunos ejemplos de neorrealismo adjunto a la pandemia actual incluyen críticas al papel de la Organización Mundial de la Salud el cierre de fronteras internacionales competencia internacional para recolectar productos farmacéuticos prohibiciones de exportaciones estadosmás ricos protegiendo sus intereses nacionales abuso de poder internacional durante órdenes de emergencia restricciones impuestas a medios internacionales y el despliegue de fuerzas militares. La originalidad y la contribución de este estudio es la construcción de un marco conceptual basado en la evidencia utilizando los enfoques del neorrealismo y el neoliberalismo para comprender las diversas perspectivas de la RI durante el brote de COVID-19. 大量文献探讨了新现实主义和新自由主义之间的当代差别,尤其在国际关系情境下。不过,目前鲜有研究调查了这些国际关系理论如何解释各国对 2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)爆发的响应。本研究审视了新现实主义和新自由主义的概念框架,并将其应用于 COVID-19 爆发期间关键的国家行为。一些与当前大流行相关的新现实主义例证包括:批判世界卫生组织(WHO)发挥的作用、关闭国际边境、各国竞争药品、出口禁令、富裕国家保护其国家利益、各国在紧急情况命令期间滥用权力、限制国际媒体、以及部署军队。相反,新自由主义对国际合作的重视体现在美国、中国和其他国家为分配知识和援助所作的尝试,以及例如世卫组织和 2019 冠状病毒病疫苗实施计划(COVAX)倡议等关键国际组织所作的举措。我使用新现实主义和新自由主义,提出一项基于证据的概念框架,以期表明这二者如何在 COVID-19 爆发期间影响了国际行为—尽管关于新现实主义的持续强调表明,大流行衰退迹象并不多且正在走向第三年。
SAME RIDE, DIFFERENT RIDERS
Mainstream international relations definitions commonly assume that states are identical units in a constant state of competition for survival to increase their power. Yet, such a one‐sided approach fails to fully consider that the internal structures and contexts of states at different times and under different leaders exert considerable effects on how states act in the international arena and on the foreign policies that shape their identities, priorities, and thus relations with other states. We begin by questioning such theoretical assumptions and then apply a more appropriate reformulation to the case of Turkey's changing trade policy with the European Union (EU). Examining Gül's administration (2007–2014) and Erdoğan's (2014–2020), we look at whether a change in Turkish leadership resulted in a significant change in trade policy and led to a change in the dynamics of its foreign relations approach. Turkey's relations with the members of the EU are assessed (via panel data estimations) as the volume of trade between Turkey and EU members. The data consists of 25 European states’ GDP, Exchange Rate, and Inflation Rate for 2000–2020. We find a significant difference in Turkey's behavior in terms of trade with the EU members between the two administrations under study. This suggests the need to rethink some central theoretical assumptions in certain mainstream international relations perspectives. Mismo Viaje, Diferentes Pilotos: el Efecto Del Cambio De Liderazgo En El Comercio De Turquía Con La Unión Europea Según las definiciones de las relaciones internacionales convencionales, los estados son unidades idénticas que se encuentran en un estado constante de competencia por la supervivencia, cuyo papel clave es aumentar su poder. Este enfoque unilateral no tiene en cuenta varios aspectos clave del sistema global actual. El propósito de este estudio es examinar si existe alguna diferencia significativa en la relación de Turquía con los miembros de la Unión Europea (UE) entre dos administraciones recientes. Su relación con los miembros de la UE se evalúa como el volumen de comercio entre Turquía y los miembros de la UE. Se han realizado varias estimaciones de datos de panel. La variable dependiente para evaluar las relaciones internacionales en este estudio es el comercio de Turquía con los miembros de la UE. Los datos consisten en el PIB, el tipo de cambio y la tasa de inflación de 25 estados europeos para 2000–2020. Las dos administraciones se añaden como variables ficticias. Según los hallazgos, existe una diferencia significativa en el comportamiento de Turquía en términos de comercio con los miembros de la UE entre las dos administraciones bajo estudio. 同路不同人:领导力变更对土耳其与欧盟之间的贸易产生的效果 根据主流国际关系(IR)的定义,各个国家都是一样的单元,其为生存而处于不断竞争的状态,而生存的关键在于增强实力。这种片面的衡量方法没有考虑当前全球体系的几个关键方面。本研究旨在分析土耳其最近两届政府在与欧盟(EU)成员国关系方面是否存在显著差异。土耳其政府与欧盟成员国的关系通过二者之间的贸易量加以评估。进行了几轮面板数据估计。本研究中,用于评估国际关系的因变量是土耳其与欧盟成员国的贸易。数据包括2000年至2020年25个欧洲国家的GDP、汇率和通胀率。两届政府被添加为虚拟变量。调查结果显示,土耳其两届政府在与欧盟成员国的贸易行为方面存在显著差异。
TWO-LEVEL GAMES AND THE POLICY PROCESS
International relations scholars have struggled to adequately link domestic and international levels in theoretical models and causal analyses of foreign policy, despite widespread acknowledgment of the need to do so. This study elaborates on this challenge by assessing the utility of several policy process frameworks that have so far been underutilized in foreign policy analysis. The assumptions of one particularly fruitful method, the Two-Level Game, will be compared with those of three policy process frameworks: the Advocacy Coalition Framework, the Multiple Streams Framework, and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. When analyzing three specific concepts (the question of rationality, the dynamics of agenda setting, and the strategic action of relevant actors), it is apparent that the assumptions of the policy process frameworks largely clash with those of the Two-Level Game, raising the potential for their augmentation of the field of foreign policy analysis despite their relative underuse. Los académicos de las relaciones internacionales han luchado por vincular adecuadamente los niveles doméstico e internacional en modelos teóricos de análisis causales de políticas exteriores a pesar del reconocimiento general de lo necesario que es. Este estudio profundizará en este desafío al evaluar la utilidad de varios marcos de procesos de políticas que hasta el momento han sido subutilizados en el análisis de la política exterior. Los supuestos de un método particularmente exitoso, el Juego de dos niveles, se compararán con los de tres marcos de procesos de políticas: el Marco de coalición de defensa, el Marco de flujos múltiples y la Teoría del equilibrio puntuado. Al analizar tres conceptos específicos (la cuestión de la racionalidad, la dinámica del establecimiento de la agenda y la acción estratégica de los actores relevantes), es evidente que los supuestos de los marcos de los procesos de las políticas coinciden en gran medida con los del Juego de dos niveles, lo que plantea potencial para su aumento del campo de análisis de política exterior a pesar de su infrautilización relativa. 国际关系学者已努力将理论模型中的国内和国际层面与外交政策因果分析进行充分连接,尽管这一需求受到广泛肯定。本文将通过评估几个在外交政策分析中尚未进行完全利用的政策过程框架的用处,进而阐述这一挑战。双层博弈是一项特别富有成效的方法,其提出的假设将和其他三个政策过程框架假设进行比较:倡议联盟框架、多源流框架和间断平衡理论。当分析三个特定概念时(理性之疑、议程设定动态、和相关行为者的战略行动),显而易见的是,这些政策过程框架提出的假设在很大程度上与双层博弈理论假设相悖,这提高了前者关于外交政策分析领域的论点潜力,尽管其具备相对的未完全利用性。
德國出兵政策的國際關係理論再檢視-從科索沃到阿富汗的國會辯論探討
本文檢視德國從科索沃到阿富汗出兵政策的核心考量,並從聯邦議會的辯論過程中,探討不同政黨於不同時期之間所主張的核心考量與立論依據,進而回應國際關係理論對於德國出兵政策適用上的爭議。本文發現,新制度主義一如多數學者所主張的,在相關論述上確實是最常被提及的,其次才是現實主義,相對而言,歷史文化論的主張確實是在論述上較少提及。但是我們也可以看到另外一種現象,在任務開展之時,現實主義反而是最重要的論述,而一旦任務開展之後,現實主義與歷史文化論的論述便明顯下降,而變成新制度主義論述一枝獨秀。這樣的說法,與John S. Duffield(1998)的說法大致符合,也顯示德國出兵政策的系統性與一致性。
美中強權政治的悲劇宿命?米夏摩理論的探析
依據國際關係中傳統的現實主義(realism),當一國成為強權,就會像強權一般地行事,即使強權之間並無不良的意圖,但國際體系中的「無政府狀態」(anarchy),卻使強權只因彼此所具有的能力而相互懼怕、走向衝突。當今現實主義大師米夏摩(John J. Mearsheimer)即主張,中國是一上升中的新興強權,而美國則是目前唯一碩果僅存的超強,倘若中國目前權力成長的趨勢繼續維持,美中兩國最終將無法擺脫這強權政治的悲劇宿命。然而,本文嘗試從米氏的理論中,挑戰米氏的此一論點:米氏的理論其實存有內在的不一致,他權力結構的解釋雖是基於現實主義重視物質能力(material capability)的傳統,但在這物質能力的思路上,卻是他自己所提出的科技與地理等兩項因素的互動,決定了他以區域為單位的權力結構推論。中國所在東北亞區域的地理環境,並不同於米氏所類比過去德國或蘇聯所在的歐洲,儘管當代的科技是突破了區域間的阻隔,但並不否定各區域內地理環境的差異。易言之,儘管強權是可能興起,但權力結構的變化並不是注定的悲劇,強權政治的命運是可以有所不同的。
美國教科書眼中的臺灣意象-他者論述分析
To promote bilateral understanding of international education, this article examines international views of Taiwan?s image, using “the other” theory as its critical foundation, to see if American textbooks reveal western-centered perspectives under the imperialist influence of master-slave relations and national rankings. This study is aimed at critiquing the position of Taiwan portrayed in international textbooks based on a selection of six primary and secondary school world history and geography textbooks. First, we analyzed Taiwan?s image as represented in the textbooks and classified its image into the following categories: geographical, historical, political, cultural, and economic. This paper concludes several discourses on Taiwan?s image in American textbooks: “attaching China” discourse represented in geography, “splitting China” discourse in historical aspects, “detaching from China” discourse in political and cultural aspects in terms of democratic freedom and multiculturalism, and “beyond China” di