Explore the vast range of titles available.

A Copula-based competing failure analysis method for multi-performance mechanism systems is studied. Some specific mechanism systems often are under two types of failure modes, the catastrophic failures leading by oversized-load and function degradation failures because of out of operation. Furthermore, these failure modes also compete with each other. Competing failure model is established by catastrophic failure probability expression and drifting Brown motion. Meanwhile Copula functions are used to describe the failure dependence and deduce joint distribution functions, in order to form the competing failure analysis method to analyse the mechanism system reliability and its evaluation law for multi-performance mechanism systems. At last, an airplane cabin door lock system is studied as a case, demonstrating the validity of proposed method.

基于系统论中要素–结构–功能原理, 对土地利用系统多功能进行系统识别和分类, 建立土地利用多功能分类体系; 从经济–社会–生态维度构建多尺度、多层次的土地利用多功能评价指标体系, 并对指标数据的获取和空间化方法进行初步探讨.结果表明, 土地利用多功能具有多层次性和区域性, 应针对不同的区域背景和研究尺度建立相应的分类与评价指标体系.将土地利用功能与土地利用结构相联系, 并将评价尺度延伸至地块这一微观尺度, 拓展和丰富了土地利用多功能研究的范围与内容, 为土地利用多功能研究提供新的思路和途径.

暮冬时节．春寒料峭。但在河北医科大学第四医院多功能报告厅中却是一片欣欣向荣之象。河北省肿瘤界同道齐聚石家庄，共同对2011年恶性肿瘤个体化治疗的历程一起“温故而知新”。回首即将走过的2011，肿瘤治疗领域发展迅猛，而恶性肿瘤的个体化治疗可谓是肿瘤治疗领域中的一朵奇葩，其发展得愈显绚烂娇艳。为使我省同道深入理解个体化治疗的理念和精髓，

Multifunctional devices integrated with electrochromism and energy storage or energy production functions are attractive because these devices can be used as an effective approach to address the energy crisis and environmental pollution in society today. In this review, we explain the operation principles of electrochromic energy storage devices including electrochromic supercapacitors,electrochromic batteries, and the photoelectrochromic devices. Furthermore, the material candidates and structure types of these multifunctional devices are discussed in detail. The major challenges of these devices along with a further outlook are highlighted at the end.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles （MSNs） have attracted tremendous attention in recent years as drug delivery carriers due to their large surface areas, tunable sizes, facile modification and considerable biocompatibility. In this work, we fabricate an interesting type of MSNs which are intrinsically doped with photosensitizing molecules, chlorin e6 （Ce6）. By increasing the amount of Ce6 doped inside the silica matrix, it is found that the morphology of MSNs changes from spheres to rod-like shapes. The obtained Ce6-doped mesoporous silica nanorods （CMSNRs） are not only able to produce singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy, but can also serve as a drug delivery platform with high drug loading capacity by utilizing their mesoporous structure. Compared to spherical nano- particles, it is found that CMSNRs with a larger aspect ratio show much faster uptake by cancer cells. With doxorubicin （DOX） employed as a model drug, the combined photodynamic and chemotherapy is carried out, achieving synergistic anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Our study presents a new design of an MSN-based drug delivery platform, which intrinsically is fluorescent and able to serve as a photodynamic agent, promising for future imaging-guided combination therapy of cancer.

Catalyst-free and scalable synthesis of graphene on various glass substrates at low temperatures is of paramount significance to numerous applications such as low-cost transparent electronics and state-of-the-art displays. However, systematic study within this promising research field has remained scarce thus far. Herein, we report the direct growth of graphene on various glasses using a low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Such a facile and scalable approach guarantees the growth of uniform, transfer-free graphene films on various glass substrates at a growth temperature range of 400-600 ℃. The morphological, surface wetting, optical, and electrical properties of the obtained graphene can be tailored by controlling the growth parameters. Our uniform and high-quality graphene films directly integrated with low-cost, commonly used glasses show great potential in the fabrication of multi-functional electrodes for versatile applications in solar cells, transparent electronics, and smart windows.

Objective： This review focuses on the current knowledge on the implication and significance of beta 2 microglobulin （β2M）, a conservative immune molecule in vertebrate.Data Sources： The data used in this review were obtained from PubMed up to October 2015.Terms of β2M, immune response, and infection were used in the search.Study Selections： Articles related to β2M were retrieved and reviewed.Articles focusing on the characteristic and function of β2M were selected.The exclusion criteria of articles were that the studies on β2M-related molecules.Results： β2M is critical for the immune surveillance and modulation in vertebrate animals.The dysregulation of β2M is associated with multiple diseases, including endogenous and infectious diseases.β2M could directly participate in the development of cancer cells, and the level of β2M is deemed as a prognostic marker for several malignancies.It also involves in forming major histocompatibility complex （MHC class Ⅰ or MHC Ⅰ） or like heterodimers, covering from antigen presentation to immune homeostasis.Conclusions： Based on the characteristic of β2M, it or its signaling pathway has been targeted as biomedical or therapeutic tools.Moreover, β2M is highly conserved among different species, and overall structures are virtually identical, implying the versatility of β2M on applications.

Cancer chemotherapy has been limited by its side effects and multidrug resistance （MDR）, the latter of which is partially caused by drug efflux from cancer cells. Thus, targeted drug delivery systems that can circumvent MDR are needed. Here, we report multifunctional DNA nanoflowers （NFs） for targeted drug delivery to both chemosensitive and MDR cancer cells that circumvented MDR in both leukemia and breast cancer cell models. NFs are self-assembled via potential co-precipitation of DNA and magnesium pyrophosphate generated by rolling circle replication, during which NFs are incorporated using aptamers for specific cancer cell recognition, fluorophores for bioimaging, and doxorubicin （Dox）- binding DNA for drug delivery. NF sizes are tunable （down to N200 nm in diameter）, and the densely packed drug-binding motifs and porous intrastructures endow NFs with a high drug-loading capacity （71.4%, wt/wt）. Although the Dox- loaded NFs （NF-Dox） are stable at physiological pH, drug release is facilitated under acidic or basic conditions. NFs deliver Dox into target chemosensitive and MDR cancer cells, preventing drug efflux and enhancing drug retention in MDR cells. NF-Dox induces potent cytotoxicity in both target chemosensitive cells and MDR cells, but not in nontarget cells, thus concurrently circumventing MDR and reducing side effects. Overall, these NFs are promising tools for circumventing MDR in targeted cancer therapy.

Combination therapy is a promising cancer treatment strategy that is usually based on the utilization of complicated nanostructures with multiple components functioning as photo-thermal energy transducers, photo-sensitizers, or dose intensifiers for phototherma! therapy （PTT）, photodynamic therapy （PDT）, or radiation therapy （RT）. In this study, ultrathin tungsten oxide nanowires （W18O49） were synthesized using a solvothermal approach and examined as a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated that these nanowires could induce extensive heat- and singlet oxygen-mediated damage to cancer cells under 980 nm near infrared （NIR）-laser excitation. They were also shown to function as radiation dose intensifying agents that enhance irradiative energy deposition locally and selectively during radiation therapy. Compared to NIR-induced PTT/PDT and RT alone, W18O49 - based synergistic tri-modal therapy eradicated xenograft tumors and no recurrence was observed within a 9-month follow up. Moreover, the strong X-ray attenuation ability of the tungsten element （Z = 74, 4.438 cm^2·g^-1, 100 KeV） qualified these nanowires as excellent contrast agents in X-ray-based imaging, such as diagnostic computed tomography （CT） and cone-beam CT for image-guided radiation therapy. Toxicity studies demonstrated minimal adverse effects on the hematologic system and major organs of mice within one month. In conclusion, these nanowires have shown significant potential for cancer therapy with inherent image guidance and synergistic effects from phototherapy and radiation therapy, which warrants further investigation.

Endocytosis and intracellular sorting of transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） receptors play an important reg- ulatory role in TGF-[I signaling. Two major endocytic pathways, clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, have been reported to independently mediate the internalization of TGF-β receptors. In this study, we demonstrate that the clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways can converge during TGF-β receptor endocytic trafficking. By tracking the intracellular dynamics of fluoreseently-labeled TGF-β type I receptor （TβRI）, we found that after me- diating TβRI internalization, certain clathrin-coated vesicles and caveolar vesicles are fused underneath the plasma membrane, forming a novel type of caveolin-1 and clathrin double-positive vesicles. Under the regulation of Rab5, the fused vesicles are targeted to early endosomes and thus deliver the internalized TβRI to the caveolin-1 and EEA1 double-positive early endosomes （caveolin-l-positive early endosomes）. We further showed that the caveolin-l-pos- itive early endosomes are positive for Smad3/SARA, Rabll and Smad7/Smurf2, and may act as a multifunctional device for TGF-β signaling and TGF-β receptor recycling and degradation. Therefore, these findings uncover a novel scenario of endocytosis, the direct fusion of clathrin-coated and caveolae vesicles during TGF-β receptor endocytic trafficking, which leads to the formation of the multifunctional sorting device, caveolin-l-positive early endosomes, for TGF-β receptors.