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The effects of reforestation on carbon （C） sequestration in China＇s Loess Plateau ecosystem have attracted much research attention in recent years. Black locust trees （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） are valued for their important use in reforestation and water and soil conservation efforts. This forest type is widespread across the Loess Plateau, and must he an essential component of any planning for C sequestration efforts in this fragile ecological region. The long-term effects of stand age on C accumulation and allocation after reforestation remains uncertain. We examined an age-sequence of black locust forest （5, 9, 20, 30, 38, and 56 yr since planting） on the Loess Plateau to evaluate C accumulation and allocation in plants （trees, shrubs, herbages, and leaf litter） and soil （0-100 cm）. Allometric equations were developed for estimating the biomass of tree components （leaf, branch, stem without bark, bark and root） with a de- structive sampling method. Our results demonstrated that black locust forest ecosystem accumulated C constantly, from 31.42 Mg C/ha （1 Mg = 106 g） at 5 yr to 79.44 Mg C/haat 38 yr. At the ＇old forest＇ stage （38 to 56 yr）, the amount of C in plant biomass significantly decreased （from 45.32 to 34.52 Mg C/ha） due to the high mortality of trees. However, old forest was able to accumulate C continuously in soil （from 33.66 to 41.00 Mg C/ha）. The C in shrub biomass increased with stand age, while the C stock in the herbage layer and leaf litter was age-independent. Reforestation resulted in C re-allocation in the forest soil. The topsoil （0-20 cm） C stock increased constantly with stand age. However, C storage in sub-top soil, in the 20-30, 30-50, 50-100, and 20-100 cm layers, was age-independent. These results suggest that succession, as a temporal factor, plays a key role in C accumulation and re-allocation in black locust forests and also in regional C dynamics in vegetation.

Aim： To examine the electrophysiological effects of sophocarpine on action potentials （AP） and ionic currents of cardiac myocytes and to compare some of these effects with those of amiodarone. Methods： Langendorff perfusion set-up was used in isolated guinea pig heart, and responses to sophocarpine were monitored using electrocardiograph. Conventional microelectrode, voltage clamp technique and perforated patch were employed to record fast response AP （fAP）, slow response AP （sAP） and ionic currents in guinea pig papillary muscle or rabbit sinus node cells. Results： Tachyarrhythmia produced by isoprenaline （15 pmol/L） could be reversed by sophocarpine （300 pmol/L）. Sophocarpine （10 pmoVL） decreased the amplitude by 4.0%, maximal depolarization velocity （Vmax） of the lAP by 24.4%, and Na＋ current （INa） by 18.0%, while it prolonged the effective refractory period （ERP） by 21.1%. The same concentration of sophocarpine could also decrease the amplitude and Vmax of the sAP, by 26.8% and 25.7%, respectively, and attenuated the Ca2. current （IcaL） and the K＋ tail current substan tially. Comparison of sophocarpine with amiodarone demonstrated that both prolonged the duration and the ERP of fAP and sAP, both decreased the amplitude and Vmax of the fAP and sAP, and both slowed the automatic heart rate. Conclusion： Sophocarpine could reverse isoprenaline-induced arrhythmia and inhibit INs, ICaL, and IKr currents. The electrophysiological effects of sophocarpine are similar to those of amiodarone, which might be regarded as a prospective antiarrhythmic agent.

Carbon sequestration occurs when cultivated soils are re-vegetated. In the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China, black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia） plantation forest and grassland were the two main vegetation types used to mitigate soil and water loss after cultivation abandonment. The purpose of this study was to compare the soil carbon stock and flux of these two types of vegetation which restored for 25 years. The experiment was conducted in Yangjuangou catchment in Yah＇an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Two adjacent slopes were chosen for this study. Six sample sites were spaced every 35-45 m from summit to toe slope along the hill slope, and each sample site contained three sampling plots. Soil organic carbon and related physicochemical properties in the surface soil layer （0-10 cm and 10-20 cm） were measured based on soil sampling and laboratory analysis, and the soil carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions and environmental factors were measured in the same sample sites simultaneously. Results indicated that in general, a higher soil carbon stock was found in the black locust plantation forest than that in grassland throughout the hill slope. Meanwhile, significant differences in the soil carbon stock were observed between these two vegetation types in the upper slope at soil depth 0-10 cm and lower slope at soil depth 10-20 cm. The average daily values of the soil CO2 emissions were 1.27 μmol/（m2·s） and 1.39 μmol/（m2·s） for forest and grassland, respectively. The soil carbon flux in forest covered areas was higher in spring and less variation was detected between different seasons, while the highest carbon flux was found in grassland in summer, which was about three times higher than that in autumn and spring. From the carbon sequestration point of view, black locust plantation forest on hill slopes might be better than grassland because of a higher soil carbon stock and lower carbon flux.

Oxysophoridine, a new alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L., has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemic brain damage. In this study, a focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Both 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine, via intraperitoneal injection, and 6 mg/kg nimodipine, via intragastric administration, were administered daily for 7 days before modeling. After 24 hours of reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological deficit, cerebral infarct size was assessed and brain tissue was collected. Results showed that oxysophoridine at 125, 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine could reduce neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and brain water content in mice. These results provided evidence that oxysophoridine plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, oxysophoridine at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine increased adenosine-triphosphate content, and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content. These compounds enhanced the activities of glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased the activity of nitric oxide synthase Protein and mRNA expression levels of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 were markedly inhibited in the presence of 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine and 6 mg/kg nimodipine. Our experimental findings indicated that oxysophoridine has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, and that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.

Leaf trait patterns and their variations with climate are interpreted as an adaptive adjustment to environment.This study assessed the adaptability of planted black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） based on the analysis of leaf traits and the comparison of its leaf traits with inter-specific ones existing in the same area.We measured some water and N use related leaf traits： leaf dry mass per unit area （LMA） and N,P and K concentrations based on both leaf area （Narea,Parea and Karea） and leaf mass （Nmass,Pmass and Kmass） of R.pseudoacacia at 31 sites along a water stress gradient in North Shaanxi Province,China.The results show that leaves of R.pseudoacacia have high Nmass and low LMA in the study area.High Nmass and low LMA are usually representative of luxurious resource use,and will advance plant resource competitiveness in high-resource conditions.As a whole,LMA-nutrient relationships of R.pseudoacacia display patterns that are fairly similar to the inter-specific relationships in both direction and intensity.The tendency for LMA and Narea to increase with decreasing water availability and the positive correlation between LMA and Narea reflect the trend for R.pseudoacacia to enhance water use efficiency （WUE） at the expense of down-regulated photosynthetic N use efficiency （PNUE） and high construction cost in dry conditions.However,the positive relationship between LMA and Narea in high mean annual precipitation （MAP） area is either unremarkable or reversed with decreasing water availability.This implies a lower photosynthetic capacity and a higher construction cost for high-LMA leaves.The inter-specific relationship between LMA and Narea is positive and does not change with water availability.This difference between inter-species and intra-species may be due to more diversified anatomies and more specialised structures for inter-species than intra-species.The failure of R.pseudoacacia adaption to dry conditions reflected by LMA-Narea relationship may be partially responsible for the emergence of rampike and dwarf forms found frequently in dry conditions.Incorporating intrinsic characteristics of planted trees into vegetation restoration project will be instructive and meaningful for species selection.

[ Objective] The paper was to explore the population dynamics of Obolodiplosis robiniae （Haldemarm）. [ Method ] The spatial distribution of mature larvae of O. robiniae and the damage regularity of its first generation larvae on leaves of locust were studied in Fangshan District of Beijing City. [ Result] The spa- tial distribution of mature larvae of O. robin/ae in the forest was sigrrificanfly higher than those in forest edge and periphery of forest edge. The attack of the first generation larvae was mainly concentrated in the lower part of tree crown. [ Conclusion] The study provides theoretical basis for the effective control against O. robiniae.

对采自6个种源地砂生槐的种子进行了萌发研究,分析了种子大小、萌发特性与海拔之间的关系.结果表明：1）每荚种子数变幅为2.96～4.50粒;种子千粒质量变幅为30.639～47.415 g;种子纵径变幅为4.314～4.962mm;种子横径变幅为3.244～3.693 mm;种子纵横径比变幅为1.306～1.383,差异较小.方差分析结果显示,种源间每荚种子数（F=8.52＊＊）、千粒质量（F=19.73＊＊）、种子纵径（F=6.17＊＊）和种子横径（F=5.79＊＊）差异均达到极显著水平,而种子纵径与横径的比值差异不显著（F=1.47）.2）6个种源砂生槐种子发芽率变幅为43.16％～90.03％.其中萨迦种源发芽率90.03％为最高,最低是米瑞种源为43.16％.3）6个砂生槐种源的种子在发芽起始时间上仅差异1d;萌发持续时间在14～23 d之间,种源间持续发芽时间差异最多达到9d;萌发高峰期在17～27 d之间,种源间差异较大,其中萨迦种源最短,朗县种源最长.4）每荚种子数随着海拔的升高而显著降低（R=-0.844 3,P＜0.05）,而种子千粒质量则随着海拔的升高而显著升高（R =0.614 3,P＜0.05）.5）种子发芽起始时间与海拔之间呈现出负相关的关系,但不显著（R=-0.505 6,P＞0.05）;种子萌发持续时间与海拔具有显著的负相关关系（R=-0.883 6,P＜0.05）,而种子发芽率则与海拔具有显著的正相关关系（R=0.804 7,P＜0.05）.

In order to study and popularize clones from the introduced Robinia pseudoacacia, morphological characteristics and leaf nutrition of samples of a three-year-old stand were observed and analyzed during its growing season. Combined with data on rooting ability, height and basal diameter, comparisons were made on morphological characteristics, growth traits and leaf nutrition of 11 introduced R. pseudoacacia clones (two from Hungary and nine from South Korea) and two domestic clones. The results show that there are significant differences in growth and morphological characteristics among the 13 clones, but no significant differences in the contents of crude protein and crude fibers in the leaves (p > 0.05). Height and basal diameter growth of clones B and G were recorded as the fastest, while clone H, was the slowest. Clone H2 had the largest leaflets, three times as large as other clones, while K(4) had the heaviest dry weight per 100 leaflets because of its thick leaves. The 13 clones can be divided into four classes based on the number of leaflets per compound leaf, i.e., 1-3, 13-17, 15-23 and 21-25. There were significant differences in thorn size: H(2), with the largest leaflets had the smallest thorns. While of course all clones produced roots, there were significant differences; clones 2N, K(5) and B had many adventitious roots, while clones K(3), K(3) and H(1) had few. Correlation between content of crude protein and (length x width of leaf) was positive (p < 0.05), while correlations of the content of crude protein, with the number of leaflets per compound leaf, petiole length of compound leaf and thorn length were negative (p < 0.01). Plant height and basal diameter were positively correlated with each other (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with base width of thorns (p < 0.05).

背景与目的探讨金克槐耳多糖蛋白（PS-T）和绿茶中的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）对非小细胞肺癌患者Th1/Th2细胞的免疫反应状态的调节作用。方法本研究采用ELISA法检测槐耳多糖蛋白和EGCG干预淋巴细胞培养后上清液中的Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和Th2型细胞因子IL-4的表达水平的改变,并采用免疫细胞化学法检测槐耳多糖蛋白和EGCG干预淋巴细胞培养后Th1型细胞和Th2型细胞的比例的改变。结果肺癌患者的Th1/Th2细胞免疫平衡偏向以Th2细胞免疫占优势的免疫应答（P〈0.01）,金克槐耳多糖蛋白和EGCG均能逆转Th1/Th2的异常漂移（P〈0.01）,且呈剂量依赖关系,金克槐耳多糖蛋白和EGCG两药联合对纠正非小细胞肺癌患者Th1/Th2的异常漂移有相加作用（P〈0.05）。结论金克槐耳多糖蛋白和EGCG辅助治疗可改善Ⅲ-Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌病人T细胞的免疫功能,作为非小细胞肺癌综合治疗措施之一。

蔗糖浓度对聊红槐试管苗的增殖倍数的影响较小,但影响试管苗的生长形态,在WPM培养基中蔗糖浓度由原来20 g.L^-1增加到60 g.L^-1时,叶片由皱褶变为正常,颜色变为深绿。经过以下培养程序可以建立叶片再生体：将聊红槐增殖分化苗接种于WPM（附加6-BA 2.0 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0.05 mg.L^-1＋蔗糖20-60 g.L^-1＋琼脂7.0 g.L^-1）上,继代培养20 d,获得分化型试管苗;剪取叶片投入1 mg.L^-1Vc无菌水浸泡1-3 m in,接入WPM（附加6-BA 2.0 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0.1 mg.L^-1＋蔗糖40 g.L^-1＋琼脂7.0 g.L^-1）上,光照培养30-40 d,获得剪切口组织脱分化;环境控制（光照时间12 h,暗培养12 h,光强2000 1x,温度25℃;黑暗温度15℃,pH值5.8）下培养20-30 d,诱导出绿色愈伤组织;转接WPM培养基（附加6-BA 4.0 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0.05 mg.L^-1＋GA 2 mg.L^-1＋蔗糖60 g.L^-1＋琼脂7.0 g.L^-1）上,培养后由绿色愈伤组织萌发出不定芽,再生不定芽率为89%。