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随着城市化水平的不断提升，城市扩张给城市野生动物带来一定影响。鸟类鸣声是其适应环境的显著行为表达，城市背景下鸟类鸣声参数的时空差异规律可能反映城市扩张对鸟类的影响，为此，以黑龙江省典型留鸟普通䴓（Sitta europaea）为研究对象，在2017—2019年采集其鸣声数据，以城市林业基地（东北林业大学城市林业示范基地）为城市干扰数据，以城郊实验林场（东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场）和偏远自然保护区（黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区）为自然生态环境数据，分别探析城市与城郊和偏远自然保护区自然生态环境中普通䴓繁殖季和越冬季的鸣声差异。结果显示：（1）城市林业基地普通䴓鸣声参数单音节双音素的持续时间存在季节差异（P = 0.035），繁殖季鸣唱时间长于越冬季；（2）在繁殖季，城市和城郊普通䴓鸣声参数存在空间差异，其中，城市普通䴓单音节三音素持续时间（P < 0.001）、最低频率（P = 0.003）显著高于城郊，单音节四音素持续时间更长（P < 0.001）、最高频率更低（P = 0.017）、最低频率更高（P = 0.001）；（3）在越冬季，城市普通䴓的鸣声参数仅单音节双音素的最低频率（P = 0.007）显著低于偏远自然保护区。综合分析发现，城市背景下普通䴓具备多维度的声学适应性行为。城市鸟类通过调整鸣声频率和持续时间等参数，能更好地适应城市化发展的挑战。研究结果可为城市化进程中鸟类声学适应研究提供重要参考。

随着城市化水平的不断提升，城市扩张给城市野生动物带来一定影响。鸟类鸣声是其适应环境的显著行为表达，城市背景下鸟类鸣声参数的时空差异规律可能反映城市扩张对鸟类的影响，为此，以黑龙江省典型留鸟普通䴓（Sitta europaea）为研究对象，在2017—2019年采集其鸣声数据，以城市林业基地（东北林业大学城市林业示范基地）为城市干扰数据，以城郊实验林场（东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场）和偏远自然保护区（黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区）为自然生态环境数据，分别探析城市与城郊和偏远自然保护区自然生态环境中普通䴓繁殖季和越冬季的鸣声差异。结果显示：（1）城市林业基地普通䴓鸣声参数单音节双音素的持续时间存在季节差异（P = 0.035），繁殖季鸣唱时间长于越冬季；（2）在繁殖季，城市和城郊普通䴓鸣声参数存在空间差异，其中城市普通䴓单音节三音素持续时间（P < 0.001）、最低频率（P = 0.003）显著高于城郊，单音节四音素持续时间更长（P < 0.001）、最高频率更低（P = 0.017）、最低频率更高（P = 0.001）；（3）在越冬季，城市普通䴓的鸣声参数仅单音节双音素的最低频率（P = 0.007）显著低于偏远自然保护区。综合分析发现，城市背景下普通䴓具备多维度的声学适应性行为。城市鸟类通过调整鸣声频率和持续时间等参数，能更好地适应城市化发展的挑战。研究结果可为城市化进程中鸟类声学适应研究提供重要参考。

江苏岸外发育典型的辐射状沙脊群,沙脊群的地貌与沉积变化是海岸海洋动力地貌研究的热点领域。东沙是辐射沙脊群的重要组成部分,2012年在东沙浅滩采集了18个柱状岩心,利用210Pb方法分析了柱状岩心沉积物210Pb比活度,计算获得了东沙地区10个站位的平均沉积速率。东沙地区平均沉积速率有\"西部边缘低、东部边缘高\"和\"南北高、中间低\"的空间分布特点。辐射沙洲东沙附近地形格局和潮流对沉积速率有至关重要的影响。

Global warming has been one of the major concerns behind the world＇s high-speed economic growth. How to implement the coordinated development of the carbon footprint and the economy will be the core issue of the world＇s economic and social development, as well as the heated debate of the research at home and abroad in recent years. Based on the energy consumption, integrated with the ＂Top-Down＂ life cycle approach and geographically weighted regression （GWR） model, this paper analyzed the spatial differences and multi-mechanism of carbon footprint in provincial China in 2010. Firstly, this study calculated the amount of carbon footprint of each province using ＂Top-Down＂ life cycle approach and found that there were significant differences of carbon footprint and per capita carbon footprint in provincial China. The provinces with higher carbon footprint, mainly located in northern China, have large economic scales; the provinces with higher per capita carbon footprint are mainly distributed in central cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and energy-rich regions and heavy chemical bases. Secondly, with the aid of GIS and spatial analysis model （GWR model）, this paper had unfolded that the expansion of economic scale is the main driver of the rapid growth of carbon footprint. The growth of population and urbanization also acted as promoting factors for the increase of the carbon footprint. Energy structure had no considerable promoting effect for the increase of the carbon footprint. Improving energy efficiency is the most important factor to inhibit the growing carbon footprint. Thirdly, developing low-carbon economies and low-carbon industries, as well as advocating low-carbon city construction and improving carbon efficiency would be the primary approaches to inhibit the rapid growth of carbon footprint. Moderately controlling the economic scale and population size would also be required to alleviate carbon footprint. Meanwhile, environmental protection and construction of low-carbon cities would evoke extensive attention in the process of urbanization.

Land urbanization plays an important supporting and restriction role in the rapid and sustainable development of urbanization in China, and it shows distinctive spatial heteroge- neity. Applying urban area as the basic research unit and urban construction land area as the core indicator, this paper establishes the conceptual framework and calculation method for the quantity and rate of land urbanization process. The study evaluates the spatial differen- tiation pattern of absolute and relative process of land urbanization in 658 cities in China from 2000 to 2010. The spatial distribution of cities with rapid land urbanization process is dis- cussed, and the contribution rate and its spatial heterogeneity of major land use types are examined with the aid of GIS. The main conclusions are as follows： （1） Land urbanization in China shows a clear spatial difference. The greater the city scale, the faster its land urbani- zation. The cities with rapid land urbanization show a significant pattern of central distribution in coastal regions and a scattered distribution in the inland regions. （2） Over the last 10 years, the average quantity of land urbanization in the 656 cities was 3.82 km2, the quantity of land urbanization is differentiated by administrative grade. The average rate of land urbanization was 6.89%, obviously faster than the speed of population urbanization. The rate of land ur- banization reveals a pattern of differentiation between coastal and other cities. （3） In the past 10 years, the two primary land use types associated with land urbanization in China are residential and industrial, with a combined contribution rate of 52.49%. The greater the scale of the city, the more significant the driving effect of industrial land. In small- and medium-scale cities of the western and central regions, the growth of residential land is the primary driver of land urbanization, while in coastal urban agglomerations and cities on important communica- tion axes, the growth of industrial land is the main driver. （4） Overall, urban population ag- glomeration, industrial growth and investment are the three drivers of land urbanization in China, but cities of different scales have different drivers.

Border areas are both important territorial security barriers and portals to the out-side world. Considering the complicated geopolitical environment of China＇s inland borders, analysis of the current status and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in border areas is of great significance. Namely, this analysis is important towards leveraging traditional ad- vantages to accelerate China＇s development prehensive analysis, our study constructed n border and minority areas. Based on a com- a framework to analyze the geo-economy in border areas, and also introduced three indexes： local economy, export-oriented economy and local development. In addition, our study systematically described geo-economic evolu- tion in the border areas of China. We also analyzed the mechanism of geo-economic spatial differentiation in these border areas by using geographical detectors. Our results indicated that the level of geo-economic influence in border areas has grown steadily with significant spatial differentiation. The absolute geo-economic dominance of Northeast China gradually declines over time. Areas with geo-economic advantages are highly dispersed, showing a spatial polarization pattern with several polar nuclei including Mudanjiang city （Northeast China）, Baotou city （Inner Mongolia）, Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture （Xinjiang）, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and the city of Chongzuo （Yunnan-Guangxi area）. Geo-economics in border area is mainly influenced by national policies, the develop- ment level of neighboring countries, as well as the desire of these countries to cooperate with China in bilateral trade. Favorable policies, traffic, cultural proximity and other factors also impact the geo-economics of border areas significantly. The Inner Mongolia and Tibet areas are mainly influenced by neighboring countries, while Northeast China and Xinjiang are mainly affected by Chinese policies; the Yunnan-Guangxi area is influenced by a combination of these factors. At the end of the study, we provide our recommendations for developing policies that further geo-economic advantages in complex geopolitical environments and in areas with varied development.

Based on the daily precipitation from a 0.5°×0.5° gridded dataset and meteorological stations during 1961-2011 released by National Meteorological Information Center, the reliability of this gridded precipitation dataset in South China was evaluated. Five precipitation indices recommended by the World Meteorological Organization （WMO） were selected to investigate the changes in precipitation extremes of South China. The results indicated that the bias between gridded data interpolated to given stations and the corresponding observed data is limited, and the proportion of the number of stations with bias between -10% and 0 is 50.64%. The correlation coefficients between gridded data and observed data are generally above 0.80 in most parts. The average of precipitation indices shows a significant spatial difference with drier northwest section and wetter southeast section. The trend magnitudes of the maximum 5-day precipitation （RX5day）, very wet day precipitation （R95）, very heavy precipitation days （R20mm） and simple daily intensity index （SDII） are 0.17 mm·a^-1, 1.14 mm·a^-1, 0.02 d·a^-1 and 0.01 mm·d^-1·a^-1, respectively, while consecutive wet days （CWD） decrease by -0.05 d·a^-1 during 1961-2011. There is spatial disparity in trend magnitudes of precipitation indices, and approximate 60.85%, 75.32% and 75.74% of the grid boxes show increasing trends for RX5day, SDII and R95, respectively. There are high correlations between precipitation indices and total precipitation, which is statistically significant at the 0.01 level.

As the ′economic engines′ of China,coastal cities have developed and expanded considerably since the 1970 s.In this study,information on the urban expansion process of Chinese coastal cities from the 1970 s to 2013 was retrieved.Through the analysis of stage characteristics,spatial expansion modes,influences on land use,centroid shifts,and spatial morphological evolutions,the spatial differences of coastal urban expansion were revealed.Results indicate that 1） the expansion stages of southern coastal cities are more complex than those of northern coastal cities,and the expansion ranges and speeds of the former are far higher than those of the latter;2） the spatial expansion of southern coastal cities mostly adopt a single mode,whereas northern coastal cities mostly adopt a mixed mode;3） significant spatial differences in the occupations of different land sources exist between the south and the north along the coastline;4） the centroid of coastal cities tends to migrate toward the coastline,and the centroid shift distances of southern coastal cities are clearly higher than those of northern coastal cities;and 5） the spatial morphology of southern coastal cities tends to be compact,whereas that of northern coastal cities tends to be loose.Policies have a powerful significance in terms of guiding urban expansion and its spatial differences in coastal cities.Urban expansion in coastal cities will encounter new opportunities and challenges under the guidance of new types of urbanization strategies.

Based on observations and 12 simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） models, cli- matic extremes and their changes over China in the past and under the future scenarios of three Representative Concentration Pathways （RCPs） are analyzed. In observations, frost days （FD） and low-temperature threshold days （TN10P） show a de- creasing trend, and summer days （SU）, high-temperature threshold days （TX90P）, heavy precipitation days （R20）, and the contribution of heavy precipitation days （P95T） show an increasing trend. Most models are able to simulate the main char- acteristics of most extreme indices. In particular, the mean FD and TX90P are reproduced the best, and the basic trends of FD, TN10P, SU and TX90P are represented. For the FD and SU indexes, most models show good ability in capturing the spatial differences between the mean state of the periods 1986--2005 and 1961-80; however, for other indices, the simulation abilities for spatial disparity are less satisfactory and need to be improved. Under the high emissions scenario of RCP8.5, the century-scale linear changes of the multi-model ensemble （MME） for FD, SU, TN10P, TX90P, R20 and P95T are -46.9, 46.0, -27.1, 175.4, and 2.9 days, and 9.9%, respectively; and the spatial change scope for each index is consistent with the emissions intensity. Due to the complexities of physical process pararneterizations and the limitation of forcing data, great uncertainty still exists with respect to the simulation of climatic extremes.

Each state is autonomous in its comprehensive cancer control (CCC) program, and considerable heterogeneity exists in the program plans, but researchers often focus on the concept of nationally representative data and pool observations across states using regression analysis to come up with average effects when interpreting results. Due to considerable state autonomy and heterogeneity in various dimensions-including culture, politics, historical precedent, regulatory environment, and CCC efforts-it is important to examine states separately and to use geographic analysis to translate findings in place and time. We used 100 percent population data for Medicare-insured persons aged sixty-five or older and examined predictors of breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening from 2001 to 2005. Examining BC and CRC screening behavior separately in each state, we performed 100 multilevel regressions. We summarize the state-specific findings of racial disparities in screening for either cancer in a single bivariate map of the fifty states, producing a separate map for African American and for Hispanic disparities in each state relative to whites. The maps serve to spatially translate the voluminous regression findings regarding statistically significant disparities between whites and minorities in cancer screening within states. Qualitative comparisons can be made of the states' disparity environments or for a state against a national benchmark using the bivariate maps. We find that African Americans in Michigan and Hispanics in New Jersey are significantly more likely than whites to utilize CRC screening and that Hispanics in six states are significantly and persistently more likely to utilize mammography than whites. We stress the importance of spatial translation research for informing and evaluating CCC activities within states and over time.