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[目的]为欧洲云杉扦插穗条选择和扦插苗培育提供依据。[方法]采用完全随机区组试验设计,研究了2种穗条类型（嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝、嫩枝）、3种穗条长度（5 10、10 15、15 20 cm）的嫩枝扦插苗从移植当年到第3年的成活率、保存率和生长情况。[结果]2种穗条类型扦插苗间的移植成活率和保存率差异不显著,但移植后嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝扦插苗的苗高、新梢生长量、地径、侧枝数、冠幅、鲜质量、干质量差异显著,都是嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝扦插苗大于嫩枝扦插苗。3种长度扦插苗的移植成活率、保存率的差异均显著;其中,15 20 cm长度穗条扦插苗移植成活率和保存率最高,分别是98.00%和86.00%,不同长度穗条扦插苗移植成苗率逐年下降,而且与穗条长度有关,弱小穗条获得的扦插苗成苗率低;5 10 cm的扦插苗移植成活率为46.00%,到第3年时保存率仅为23.33%,且移植后苗高、新梢生长量、地径、侧枝数、冠幅、鲜质量、干质量的差异也显著,且都以15 20cm穗条的扦插苗值最高,10 15 cm穗条的扦插苗次之,5 10 cm的扦插苗最小。嫩枝带硬枝扦插苗的苗木质量指数（QI）是嫩枝的7.74倍,15 20 cm穗条的扦插苗质量指数（QI）是5 10、10 15 cm扦插苗的5.47、5.23倍。扦插苗地径初始值与移植当年地径、苗高初始值与移植当年苗高间呈极显著正相关关系。[结论]扦插苗最初的生根状况和穗条质量影响后期培育过程中的存活和生长,嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝扦插苗和15 20 cm穗条的扦插苗不仅移植成活率、保存率高,而且生长量、生物量、质量指数都比短而弱小穗条的扦插苗高。

[目的]为欧洲云杉扦插穗条选择和扦插苗培育提供依据。[方法]采用完全随机区组试验设计,研究了2种穗条类型(嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝、嫩枝)、3种穗条长度(5 10、10 15、15 20 cm)的嫩枝扦插苗从移植当年到第3年的成活率、保存率和生长情况。[结果]2种穗条类型扦插苗间的移植成活率和保存率差异不显著,但移植后嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝扦插苗的苗高、新梢生长量、地径、侧枝数、冠幅、鲜质量、干质量差异显著,都是嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝扦插苗大于嫩枝扦插苗。3种长度扦插苗的移植成活率、保存率的差异均显著;其中,15 20 cm长度穗条扦插苗移植成活率和保存率最高,分别是98.00%和86.00%,不同长度穗条扦插苗移植成苗率逐年下降,而且与穗条长度有关,弱小穗条获得的扦插苗成苗率低;5 10 cm的扦插苗移植成活率为46.00%,到第3年时保存率仅为23.33%,且移植后苗高、新梢生长量、地径、侧枝数、冠幅、鲜质量、干质量的差异也显著,且都以15 20cm穗条的扦插苗值最高,10 15 cm穗条的扦插苗次之,5 10 cm的扦插苗最小。嫩枝带硬枝扦插苗的苗木质量指数(QI)是嫩枝的7.74倍,15 20 cm穗条的扦插苗质量指数(QI)是5 10、10 15 cm扦插苗的5.47、5.23倍。扦插苗地径初始值与移植当年地径、苗高初始值与移植当年苗高间呈极显著正相关关系。[结论]扦插苗最初的生根状况和穗条质量影响后期培育过程中的存活和生长,嫩枝基部带1.5年生硬枝扦插苗和15 20 cm穗条的扦插苗不仅移植成活率、保存率高,而且生长量、生物量、质量指数都比短而弱小穗条的扦插苗高。

目標：運用具代表性的調查資料，分析建立國人體位與體適能常模。方法：本研究運用2013-2016年國民營養健康狀況變遷調查數據，分析成年人體位指標（腰圍、臀圍、上臂圍）與手握力，建立其性別與年齡常模。樣本涵蓋5,581名19歲以上成年人，依年齡層與百分位數進行分析。結果：男性、女性腰圍中位數在65歲以前皆呈現隨年齡層上升而增加，男性55歲中位數達90 cm，女性45歲以上中位數超過80cm，表示此年齡後半數以上為腹部肥胖。男性臀圍中位數在30-44歲達最高，隨年齡遞減；女性全年齡層臀圍中位數穩定在93～94 cm，但女性95百分位明顯高於男性。男性上臂圍中位數自45歲起隨年齡增加而遞減，女性則一直維持穩定。不論男女性，手握力均隨年齡增加而下降，30～44歲男性握力中位數44.5 kg、女性25.9 kg，男女相比，同年齡層、同百分位男性握力數據較女性均高出10 kg。以亞洲肌少症篩檢建議，男性65～69歲超過15%、70歲以上超過25%、女性65～69歲超過25%、75歲以上超過50%符合「低肌肉強度」參考值。結論：本研究建立年齡與性別分層之腰圍、臀圍、上臂圍與手握力常模，也以國民營養調查資料報導國人體位偏差問題嚴重度、和證實年齡層對於不同體位指標的不同影響趨勢。建議評估高齡者營養狀況，需對照適當的國人常模，以提升健康監測與慢性病風險評估的正確性。

Objectives: To investigate the association of nutritional status and cognitive status and to identify a possible causal role of nutritional status in the future risk of cognitive decline in older Taiwanese. Methods: The study analyzed the 1999 and 2003 datasets of the ”Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan”. Subjects were interviewed, face-to-face, with a structured questionnaire. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to rate nutritional status and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ)、was used to rate cognitive status. This cross-sectional study included 2,672 elderly at baseline while the longitudinal analysis included the 1895 subject who survived in 2003, less those who had severe cognitive impairment at baseline and those who failed to complete the 2003 interview. Both models controlled for socio-demographic factors, lifestyle, food intake, and health and medical conditions. Results: In regression models that controlled for possible confounders, cross-secti

目標：本研究旨在分析台灣民眾含糖飲料飲用盛行率，並計算族群可歸因風險百分比以估計民眾喝含糖飲料造成相關疾病醫療負擔情形。方法：本研究利用2013－2016年「國民營養健康狀況變遷調查」區分年齡別與性別，呈現含糖飲料飲用盛行率，並採用國外文獻中含糖飲料相關疾病之相對風險數值，計算族群可歸因風險百分比，爾後相乘2015－2017年全民健保資料庫中門診與住院健保相關疾病就醫費用，獲得我國民眾飲用含糖飲料所造成之醫療負擔。結果：10,443位民眾調查顯示，3－12歲有近4成的幼學童於最近一個月有喝市售含糖蔬果汁，而13－35歲的民眾9成7於最近一個月都有喝含糖飲料，36歲以上之民眾則約7成，且普遍男性喝含糖飲的比例比女性高。含糖飲料飲用造成相關疾病風險的部分，健保主診斷疾病醫療費用年均約為87億元（95％信賴區間為49－124億元），而主次診斷醫療費用年均約233億元（95％信賴區間為138－324億元）。結論：含糖飲料飲用盛行率有明顯的年齡差異，其中年輕世代含糖飲料飲用盛行率明顯較高。不過，因為本研究進行分析時所使用的部分參數援用國外數據，同時也未將含糖飲品與疾病之劑量反應關係納入計算，這對本研究結果的推論增加一些限制。但如何減少含糖飲料飲用過量，以降低民眾健康危害與相關醫療成本支出，仍是未來重要且迫切的健康政策課題。

Dear Editor, Disease and nutritional status are important factors controlling consumer nutrient requirements [ 1]. An estimated 4 billion people worldwide live primarily on plant-based diets. Approximately 10%- 15% of these people suffer from chronic kidney disease or gastrointestinal （GI） health issues [2].

status, the incidence of complications, and completion rate of radiotherapy were evaluated. Besides, the length of hospital stay （LOS） and the in-patient cost were also compared between these two groups. Results： At the completion of CRF, the nutritional status in the NST group were much better than those in the control group, as evidenced by prealbumin （ALB）, transferrin, and ALB parameters （P = 0.001, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively）. The complication incidences, including bone marrow suppression （20% vs. 48%, P = 0.037） and complications related infections （ 12% vs. 44%, P = 0.012）, in the NST group were lower and significantly different from the control group. In addition, only one patient in the NST group did not complete the planned radiotherapy while 6 patients in the control group had interrupted or delayed radiotherapy （96% vs. 76%, P - 0.103）. Furthemlore, the average LOS was decreased by 4.5 days （P = 0.001 ） and in-patient cost was reduced to 1.26 ± 0.75 thousand US dollars person-times （P 〉 0.05） in the NST group. Conelusions： A NST could provide positive effects in esophageal cancer patients during concurrent CRT on maintaining their nutrition status and improving the compliance of CRF. Moreover, the NST could be helpful on reducing LOS and in-patient costs.

Anticancer therapeutics aimed at the inhibition of mTORC1 activity shift metabolism to favor the deg- radation of extracellular proteins. Recently Thompson and colleagues demonstrated a novel regulatory mechanism whereby mTORC1 plays a distinct role as a key regulator of metabolism depending on the envi- ronmental nutrient status.

Whey protein concentrate （WPC 80） and sodium caseinate were hydrolyzed by Protamex to 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% degree of hydrolysis （DH）. WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were then analyzed, compared and evaluated for their nutritional qualities. Their chemical composition, protein solubility, amino acid composition, essential amino acid index （EAA index）, biological value （BV）, nutritional index （NI）, chemical score, enzymic protein efficiency ratio （E-PER） and in vitro protein digestibility （IVPD） were determined. The results indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC 80 and sodium caseinate by Protamex improved the solubility and IVPD of their hydrolysates. WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were high-quality proteins and had a surplus of essential amino acids compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU （1985） reference standard. The nutritive value of WPC 80 and its hydrolysates was superior to that of sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates as indicated by some nutritional parameters such as the amino acid composition, chemical score, EAA index and predicted BV. However, the E-PER was lower for the WPC hydrolysates as compared to unhydrolyzed WPC 80 but sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates did not differ significantly. The nutritional qualities of WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were good and make them appropriate for food formulations or as nutritional supplements.

The aim of this study was to determine the phytoplankton community structures of reservoirs of different trophic status, located in a cold region. Physical and chemical variables and the phytoplankton communities were investigated in two reservoirs (Xiquanyan Reservoir and Taoshan Reservoir) in Northeast China in 2009. The two reservoirs showed strong seasonal fluctuations in their physical and chemical composition. Results of the trophic status index indicated that Xiaquanyan Reservoir was mesotrophic, whilst Taoshan Reservoir was eutrophic. Diatoms were the dominant phytoplankton group in Xiquanyan Reservoir throughout all seasons of the study, while in Taoshan Reservoir, diatoms dominated in spring, and cyanobacteria dominated in summer and autumn. This difference was resulted from differences in local environmental factors, including nutrients and hydrology. This study suggests that in mesotrophic reservoirs, nutrients played a key role in controlling seasonal phytoplankton successions, whereas in eutrophic reservoirs water temperature was the key factor in a cold region. Notably, the dominant species in summer in the Taoshan Reservoir was Microcystis, which may produce toxins depending on the ambient conditions, and presenting a risk of local toxin contamination.