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\"Driving 5G Mobile Communications with Artificial Intelligence towards 6G\" presents current work and directions of continuous innovation and development in multimedia communications with a focus on services and users. The fifth generation of mobile wireless networks achieved the first deployment by 2020, completed the first phase of evolution in 2022, and started transition phase of 5G-Advanced toward the sixth generation. Perhaps one of the most important innovations brought by 5G is the platform-approach to connectivity, i.e., a single standard that can adapt to the heterogeneous connectivity requirements of vastly different use cases. 5G networks contain a list of different requirements, standardized technical specifications and a range of implementation options with spectral efficiency, latency, and reliability as primary performance metrics. Towards 6G, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods have recently proposed new approaches to modeling, designing, optimizing and implementing systems. They are now matured technologies that improve many research fields significantly.--Back cover.

This book offers a technical background to the design and optimization of wireless communication systems, covering optimization algorithms for wireless and 5G communication systems design. The book introduces the design and optimization systems which target capacity, latency, and connection density; including Enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLL), and Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). The book is organized into two distinct parts: Part I, mathematical methods and optimization algorithms for wireless communications are introduced, providing the reader with the required mathematical background. In Part II, 5G communication systems are designed and optimized using the mathematical methods and optimization algorithms.

With the high demand for advanced services and the increase in the number of connected devices, current wireless communication systems are required to expand to meet the users’ needs in terms of quality of service, throughput, latency, connectivity, and security. 5G, 6G, and Beyond (xG) aim at bringing new radical changes to shake the wireless communication networks where everything will be fully connected fulfilling the requirements of ubiquitous connectivity over the wireless networks. This rapid revolution will transform the world of communication with more intelligent and sophisticated services and devices leading to new technologies operating over very high frequencies and broader bands. To achieve the objectives of the xG networks, several key technology enablers need to be performed, including massive MIMO, software-defined networking, network function virtualization, vehicular to everything, mobile edge computing, network slicing, terahertz, visible light communication, virtualization of the network infrastructure, and intelligent communication environment. In this paper, we investigated the recent advancements in the 5G/6G and Beyond systems. We highlighted and analyzed their different key technology enablers and use cases. We also discussed potential issues and future challenges facing the new wireless networks.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is employed to gather real-time traffic information for drivers, and base stations in 5G systems are used to assist in traffic data transmission. For rapid implementation, the applications in vehicles are available to be offloaded to edge nodes (ENs) which are enhanced from micro base stations. Despite the benefits of IoV and ENs, the explosive growth of offloaded vehicle applications exceeds the capacity of ENs, causing the overload of fractional ENs. Therefore, it is necessary to offload the computing applications in overloaded ENs to other idle ENs, while it is a challenge to select appropriate offloading destination ENs. In this paper, we first consider edge computing framework for computation offloading in IoV under the architecture of 5G networks. We then formulate a multi-objective optimization problem to select suitable destination ENs, which aims to minimize the vehicle application offloading delay and offloading cost as well as realizing the load balance of ENs. Moreover, a computation offloading method for IoV, named COV, is designed to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Finally, various simulation analyses demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of COV.

Intelligence Edge Computing (IEC) is the key enabler of emerging 5G technologies networks and beyond. IEC is considered to be a promising backbone of future services and wireless communication systems in 5G integration. In addition, IEC enables various use cases and applications, including autonomous vehicles, augmented and virtual reality, big data analytic, and other customer-oriented services. Moreover, it is one of the 5G technologies that most enhanced market drivers in different fields such as customer service, healthcare, education methods, IoT in agriculture and energy sustainability. However, 5G technological improvements face many challenges such as traffic volume, privacy, security, digitization capabilities, and required latency. Therefore, 6G is considered to be promising technology for the future. To this end, compared to other surveys, this paper provides a comprehensive survey and an inclusive overview of Intelligence Edge Computing (IEC) technologies in 6G focusing on main up-to-date characteristics, challenges, potential use cases and market drivers. Furthermore, we summarize research efforts on IEC in 5G from 2014 to 2021, in which the integration of IEC and 5G technologies are highlighted. Finally, open research challenges and new future directions in IEC with 6G networks will be discussed.

Energy consumption of mobile cellular communications is mainly due to base stations (BSs) that constitute radio access networks (RANs). 5G technologies are expected to improve the RAN energy efficiency while supporting the forecasted growth in data traffic. However, the evolution of the absolute RAN energy consumption with 5G deployment is not clear. Moreover, existing BS power models are mostly derived from legacy equipment. Therefore, this work presents a method to evaluate and to project the total energy consumption of broadband RANs. We use on-site up-to-date measurements to determine power models of 4G BSs, showing a linear relationship between power consumption and data traffic with a static traffic-independent power component. We then build a prospective power model of 5G BSs by scaling 4G models with respect to bandwidth, number of data streams, and expected technological improvements. We apply this method to the RANs in Belgium over the 2020–2025 period for six scenarios of 5G deployment. Results show that the static energy consumption accounts for a major part of the total RAN energy consumption, which implies that concurrently operating 4G and 5G RANs consumes more energy than using only one generation. The sleep mode feature of 5G technology can reduce its RAN static energy consumption, improving energy efficiency by 10 times compared to 4G. Finally, we estimate the absolute carbon footprint of 4G and 5G RANs by considering embodied and operating greenhouse gas emissions. They follow a clear upward trend for scenarios with extensive 5G deployment.

For the past few years, the automation of transportation becomes a hot research topic for smart cities. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aims to manage and optimize the traffic congestion, road accidents, parking allocation using Autonomous Vehicles (AV) system, where the AVs are internally connected for message passing and critical decision making in time-sensitive applications. The data security in such applications can be offered using Blockchain (BC) technology. But, as per the existing literature, there exists no system which can call AVs automatically based on the situation, i.e., call an ambulance in case of an accident, call logistic service in case of home transfer, and call the traffic department in case of traffic jam. Motivated from the aforementioned reasons, in this article, we propose a BC-based secure and intelligent sensing and tracking architecture for AV system using beyond 5G communication network. Recently, AVs are facing issues with sensing and tracking technology as well as the data thefts. AV system contains sensitive information and transfers it through a communication channel to Connected AVs (CAVs), where the corrupted information or delay of a fraction of a second can lead to a critical situation. So, here we present possib the attacks and safety countermeasures using BC technology to protect the AV system. The proposed architecture ensures secure sensing and tracking of an object through BC by deploying AI algorithms at the edge servers. Also, the beyond 5G network enables communications with low latency and high reliability to meet the desires of the aforementioned time-sensitive applications. The proposed system is evaluated by considering the parameters as mobility and data transfer time against the traditional LTE-A and 5G communication networks. The proposed system outperforms traditional systems and can be suitable for diverse applications where latency, reliability, and security are the prime concerns.

The development of 5G private networks harbors immense potential for technological innovation, significantly enhancing digital connectivity and performance. This advancement has unlocked opportunities for pioneering educational approaches within the metaverse in campus settings. Utilizing enhanced bandwidth, reduced latency, and improved security, 5G technology is pivotal in facilitating immersive and interactive educational experiences. This paper explores the practical application of 5G private networks at a university, demonstrating their role in revolutionizing traditional teaching methodologies. Leveraging the author’s experience in deploying a 5G network at their institution, the study underscores the transformative potential of this technology in creating engaging and dynamic learning environments in the metaverse. The findings provide valuable insights into the effective integration of 5G networks in education, highlighting their significance in evolving academic paradigms.

The evolution of 4G telecommunication propagated various resource‐crunched clients to experience rate‐effective resources at ease. However, it extends its underlying centralised architecture, which arouses various challenges correlated with network data availability, network information protection, and operational infrastructure charges. With the recent revolution of telecommunication, 5G networks promised to provide credible schemes like the high quality of service, ultra‐low latency, and much security over the pre‐existing architecture. However, the deployment of end‐to‐end 5G network cutting‐edge systems in the present heterogeneous world limits its core idea of extensive data privacy, native interoperability, risk‐free interference, and radio spectrum sharing. Perhaps, to achieve its true capability, improved versions of blockchain technology could be aligned to strengthen various real‐time complex applications at a flourishing rate. One of the multiplexed real‐time enterprise applications is a keyword search engine where the integrity of user data files and keyword searches are bound to come under cyber hackers. On the one hand, it was found that when a 5G‐based blockchain emulated network gets deployed with intact encryption techniques, the entire system facilitates to give reliable, efficient, and risk‐free keyword search over variegated 5G network data and its complex computational calculations. Consequently, the use of blockchain‐based decentralised cloud orchestration scheme at various levels enabled the architecture to remain incorruptible and protects all the confidential files and keywords in a fully controlled file access environment. The results of the simulation kernel shows that proposed architecture which, when combined with blockchain‐based decentralised cloud orchestration network system, justify all the essential characteristics and effectuates the optimal use of 5G network sharing by each network entity.

This research aims to create trustworthy, fast communication technologies for 5G and beyond. The design investigates the possibilities of Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication systems and MilliMeter-Wave (MMW) technologies operating at 60 [GHz]. Although these technologies are highly effective and have a high throughput, they are nevertheless vulnerable to weather phenomena like rain, fog, and Atmospheric Turbulence (AT). The paper suggests using Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) and the MMW-FSO link to develop optical-radio communication systems. The proposed systems aim to transmit data to four compact 5G Base Stations (BSs) that numerous 5G users can reach. The MMW-RF (Radio Frequency) link uses four MMW frequencies: 58.32, 60.48, 62.64, and 64.80 [GHz]. The present work offers designs based on different forms of optical communication systems. The performances of these designs are assessed using two powerful simulation tools, Matlab and OptiSystem. For the MMW-FSO link, the study analyses the Bit Error Rate (BER), the Communication Capacity (CC), and the RF-spectrum peak power. It additionally takes into account the performances of the MMW-RF link, such as the Required Signal-to-Noise Ratio (RSNR) at 5G users, the Receiver Sensitivity (RS) at 5G users, the BER at 5G users, the CC between 5G BSs and 5G users and Power Efficiency (PE) at 5G users. Data transmission has been tested on various connections of the proposed systems with an acceptable BER of 1e-9 on the MMW-FSO link. Without AT but in the presence of heavy fog, the average CC results obtained are 4.13e + 10 bps, 4.25e + 10 bps, 3.64e + 10 bps, and 4.11e + 10 bps for the first to fourth connections, respectively. With weak AT ( 10 - 17 [m −2/3 ]) and heavy fog, the average CC results are changed to 2.57e + 10 bps, 2.59e + 10 bps, 3.035e + 10 bps, and 3.15e + 10 bps, respectively. Under conditions of moderate AT ( 10 - 15 [m −2/3 ]) and heavy fog, the results become: 2.79e + 10 bps, 2.82e + 10 bps, 3.104e + 10 bps, and 3.120e + 10 bps respectively for the same proposed connections. Furthermore, the impact of the attenuation coefficient on the MMW-FSO link, which may have an impact on the performance of the proposed systems on the MMW-RF link between the 5G BSs and 5G users under different weather conditions must be taken into account. Connections one and two of the proposed systems outperform connections three and four in terms of their capacity to accommodate a greater number of 5G users. With an acceptable BER performance of 1e-3, connections three and four can accommodate a maximum of seven 5G users for each 5G BS operating within a bandwidth of 270 [MHz] when assigned distinct time slots. The ultimate goal is to advance next-generation communication technologies for a highly connected society with a manageable number of users.