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This study analyzes the effects of the economic sanctions against North Korea since 2016 on the economic well-being of North Korean cities. As a proxy for economic well-being, we use nighttime light (NTL), which we estimate from 1992 to 2019 through an inter-calibration process for DMSP/OLS and SNPP/VIIRS. We found that NTL in North Korea was getting brighter up until 2009, but that the growth rate of total NTL in 25 major North Korean cities began to decrease from 2016. The decline in the NTL growth rate of Pyongyang, the capital city, as well as in cities bordering China and in self-regenerating cities, was relatively slight. By contrast, the declines in the NTL growth rate of coal-mining cities and inland cities without sufficient production bases were greater than those in other cities, and some cities experienced negative growth in 2019. Cities in regions relying on coal mining have traditionally accounted for a large portion of North Korea's exports, and since these cities have been heavily affected by sanctions, coal mining could become a vulnerable sector, which would threaten North Korea's economic well-being.

U.S. Air Force. Continental Air Defense Command Rules of engagement during Airborne alert specified that Air attacks using Conventional weapons could be authorized; Rules of engagement during Airborne alert authorized the use of non-nuclear [Nike-Ajax Missiles; Nike-Hercules Missiles] when the safety of surrounding areas is assured; Rules of engagement during the Airborne alert authorizes the pursuit and Air attacks on any Cuban [Naval vessels; Military aircraft]; Rules of engagement state that Air attacks on Cuban Military bases can only be authorized by U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff to protect the lives of American citizens; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command chronology of the U.S. Air Force. Continental Air Defense Command. 26th Air Division; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command recommends that strict compliance with U.S. Air Force Safety regulations for ferrying Nuclear weapons be applied in the future; North American Air Defense Command instructs all dispersed U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command Military aircraft to \"return as soon as possible\" to home Military bases; Cuba states that it complies with the U.N. Charter and its prohibition of Intervention in other countries; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command Military aircraft equipped with Nuclear weapons were dispersed on 22 October 1962; Contingency plans for augmenting Air defense systems in Florida for protection against Cuban Air attacks were called Operation Southern Tip; Operation Southern Tip called for the Deployment of F-102 Aircraft at Key West Naval Air Station (Florida) for use as interceptors during Cuban Air attacks; Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Air Force Continental Air Defense Command authorizes rotations for U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command participating in Airborne alert to exchange [Nuclear weapons; Flight crews; Aircraft]; Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Air Force Continental Air Defense Command instructions for tactical ferry of Nuclear weapons contradict U.S. Air Force Safety regulations; Ballistic Missile Early Warning System was damaged by high Winds and required that U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command Military aircraft augment the coverage during repairs of Electronic equipment; U.S. Air Force. 15th Fighter Interceptor Squadron maintained its Aircraft on a 5 or 15 minutes Military alert status beginning with John F. Kennedy Speech Announcing Soviet Missile Deployment in Cuba (22 October 1962) and ending 3 November 1962; Defense readiness condition instructions and descriptions; Radar equipment used in Ballistic Missile Early Warning System was not operational when the Military alert was instituted on 22 October 1962

[U.S. Air Force. Space Command; North American Aerospace Defense Command; U.S. Air Force. Continental Air Defense Command; U.S. Aerospace Defense Command; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command; Cheyenne Mountain Complex (Colorado)] provide an index of regulations, pamphlets, directives, and visual aids related to [Management; Organizational structures; Personnel; Training; Communications; Command and control; Budgets; Intelligence; Security; Logistics]

U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command interceptors and squadrons were dispersed following John F. Kennedy Speech Announcing Soviet Missile Deployment in Cuba (22 October 1962) with Nuclear weapons for the first time in the history of the command; Deployment of U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command Military aircraft in Florida from 22 October - 23 November 1962; U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff designate Operation Southern Tip as permanent Air defense systems for the southeastern U.S.; U.S. Air Force. Continental Air Defense Command developed Contingency plans for augmenting southern Florida Air defense systems on 5 January 1961 which became known as Operation Southern Tip; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command deployment of Air defense systems Fighter aircraft to the southeastern U.S. during the Cuban Crisis; Contingency plans for dispersal of Fighter aircraft were implemented before approval for use of [Canada; U.S. Navy] Military bases had been secured

U.S. Air Force estimates Military expenditures for Transportation of [Aircraft; Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants] during the Cuban Crisis; Robert S. McNamara called for continued Airborne alert for conducting [Aerial reconnaissance; Low altitude reconnaissance flights] and possible return to Naval Quarantine of Cuba (24 October - 20 November 1962) operations or implementation of [Operation Plan 312; Operation Plan 316] on 29 November; U.S. Air Force reports John F. Kennedy praise for critical activities of the U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command as a major source of Military deterrence against the Soviet Union; Cuban Crisis provided the U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command with the \"best and most realistic\" test of its Command and control system in its history; U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command preparations of [Intercontinental ballistic missiles; Communications] during the Cuban Crisis; U.S. Air Force. Tactical Air Command reports that its requirements for [Military personnel; Military equipment] during the Cuban Crisis put other commands in danger; Minuteman I Missiles were put at Military alert beginning on 27 October; U.S. Air Force. Systems Command turned Intercontinental ballistic missiles launch sites to control of the U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command at the time of the Airborne alert; U.S. Air Forces in Europe redirects squadrons for Nuclear strikes away from Germany (Federal Republic) in order to focus alert for Conventional warfare; Thomas S. Power notes significant possibility of Nuclear strikes from the Soviet Union by way of Antarctica; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command involvement in the Cuban Crisis; U.S. Air Forces in Europe involvement in the Cuban Crisis was hampered by inadequate information prior to News media announcements; U.S. Air Force. Systems Command recommends that Research and development Missiles not be incorporated into the Operational readiness status; U.S. Air Force. Alaskan Air Command required improved Communications procedures with Civilians in Civil defense organizations; Communications equipment required by the U.S. Air Force for the Cuban Crisis diluted the Military strength of forces in [Europe; Pacific Region]; Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command directed Airborne alert of one-eighth of U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command B-52 Aircraft armed with Nuclear weapons for the first time after implementation of DEFCON 3; U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command activated all its forces after DEFCON 2 announcement of 24 October; U.S. Air Force. Tactical Air Command began Low altitude reconnaissance flights on 26 October to search for targets for \"massive\" Air attacks against Missile bases; Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Air Force Atlantic Command had 579 Aircraft at stage of Operational readiness and 49 Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Radar equipment on 24-hour operation during the Cuban Crisis; U.S. Air Force reports that U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff decided against planned use of tactical Nuclear weapons during U.S. military intervention in Cuba on 31 October that had been part of Operation Plan 314; U.S. Air Force reports that the U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command performed 2,511 missions armed with Nuclear weapons during the Cuban Crisis; U.S. Air Force. Continental Air Command reports problems because it was not consulted on [U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command; U.S. Air Force. Tactical Air Command; U.S. Department of Defense] decisions during Cuban Crisis planning; U.S. Air Force granted authority for forward Deployment of GAR-11 Falcon Missiles with Nuclear Warheads during DEFCON 3; U.S. Air Force. Caribbean Air Command was tasked with provision of [Riot control equipment; Military equipment] to Latin America during the Cuban Crisis; U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command began B-52 Aircraft Aerial reconnaissance with declaration of Airborne alert on 24 October; U.S. Air Force involvement in the Cuban Crisis

U.S. Air Force. Systems Command recommends that the U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command be designated as the \"user\" of Program 437

U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command describes the establishment of Program 437 based at Johnston Island using modified Thor Missiles

Program Management Directive defines the responsibilities of the [U.S. Department of the Air Force; U.S. Air Force. Systems Command; U.S. Air Force. Air Defense Command; U.S. Air Force. Strategic Air Command; U.S. Air Force. Logistics Command; U.S. Air Force. Electronic Security Command; U.S. Air Force. Operational Test and Evaluation Center; U.S. Air Force. Military Airlift Command] with regard to the Consolidated Space Operations Center (Colorado); Program Management Directive establishes the Consolidated Space Operations Center (Colorado) to carry out [Satellite tracking; Telemetry; Satellite control] and provide secure Military facilities from which to plan and conduct missions of the Space Transportation System