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Cockles are marine organisms which have the character of filter feeders so that heavy metals can be neutralized naturally through their shells. However, not all heavy metals can be neutralized, so depuration needs to be done. After depuration, histopathological analysis is needed to determine the condition of the soft tissue of the shells so that the disease can be diagnosed through structural changes that occur in the organs that are the main target of pollutants. This study aims to determine the histopathology of antique ark's mantle (Anadara antiquata) after post-depuration with the filtration of the cockles' shells. This research method applies an experimental method with scoring histological damage to antique ark's mantle that ranges from 0 to 3, depending on the level and extent of the changes that occur. After that, the distribution of normal and non-homogeneous data was obtained, and then the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was conducted. The main parameter is the histopathology of the antique ark's mantle. Supporting parameters include water quality, namely temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, salinity, levels of heavy metals Pb and Cd, total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS). The results of the Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis shows no significant difference between treatments P0 (Control), P1 (Filter 25%), P2 (Filter 50%), P3 (Filter 75%), and P4 (Filter 100%). The histopathological features of the antique ark's mantle organ tissue found were edema, hyperplasia, necrosis, and atrophy.

This study presents the first trial application of an integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system in pond culture in Kenya using a combination of locally available species. Sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, and cockles, Anadara antiquata were obtained from the wild for culture trials with Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus in an IMTA for comparison with monoculture of shrimps in intertidal earthen ponds. The monoculture treatment (T1) ponds were stocked with P. indicus juveniles at a stocking density of (5 ind/m2; 12.9 g/m2) while the IMTA treatment (T2) combination had H. scabra, P. Indicus, and A. antiquata stocked at (1.2 ind/m2; 105.78 g/m2, 5 ind/m2; 12.9 g/m2 and 3.5 ind/m2; 142.48 g/m2) respectively. During the culture period, the harvest weight gain (mean ± SE) for shrimps in T1 was 13.17 ± 0.75 g while the organisms in T2 combination a weight gain of 13.19 ± 0.57 g for shrimps, 175.03 ± 27.84 g for sea cucumber, and 44 ± 0.97 g for cockles. Economic analysis revealed increase in net income in T2 with a cost benefit ratio of 1.77 higher than T1. The findings of this study provide a basis for integration of H. scabra and A. antiquata into Kenya's coastal mariculture through application of pond IMTA technology.

Lead toxicity in humans causes neurological disorders, bone metabolism disorders, kidney damage, and impaired liver function. Feather shells that live in marine waters with high Pb heavy metal content can be exposed to these heavy metals, posing a risk to humans who eat shellfish. Depuration is one method that can reduce the Pb content in the body of the feather shell. The depuration process is influenced by several factors, including the length of the depuration and the filter used. This study aims to determine the effective depuration time to reduce the Pb content in feather shells ( Anadara antiquata ) using zeolite as a filter. This study applied the Latin Square Design (RSBL) method as a research design consisting of four treatments with four replications. The duration of the depuration treatment was 0 hours (P0), 24 hours (P1), 48 hours (P2), and 72 hours (P3). The effectiveness of the depuration of shells using a zeolite filter can be seen in the reduced Pb content in shellfish. The depuration process for 24 hours showed an effective depuration time with a reduction rate of Pb of 1.095 ± 0.05 mg/kg.

Blood cockle (Anadara antiquata Linnaeus, 1758) serves as a vital food and protein source for many coastal communities in Fiji. However, no studies have been conducted on bacterial and parasitic contamination in blood cockles in Fiji, leaving a significant knowledge gap. The present work thus aimed to determine the presence, types, and prevalence of parasites in blood cockles across four sites in Fiji, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of depuration in reducing bacterial loads using a closed circulatory system with a simple biofilter. Blood cockles were collected from Nasese Coast, Viwa Island, Bau Landing, and Tailevu in the Central Division of Viti Levu, Fiji. Ectoparasites were observed on the shell surface, while endoparasites were identified in the digestive tract, gills, and muscles. The depuration system's effect on bacterial loads, including total plate count (TPC), coliforms, and Vibrio spp., was monitored over 48 h. Both endoparasites and ectoparasites were detected, with a mean prevalence of 29.3% at Nasese Coast, 0% at Viwa Island, 4% at Bau Landing, and 6.7% at Nasilai Coast. In tanks maintained at room temperature, bacterial contamination in blood cockles decreased to undetectable levels within 48 h of depuration. However, in tanks with elevated temperatures, TPC, coliforms, and Vibrio spp. increased by 48 h, resulting in 100% mortality of the blood cockles. The present work demonstrated that room-temperature depuration with a simple biofilter could be an effective and economical method for improving food safety and reducing health risks associated with consuming blood cockles.

This research is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to determine the heavy metal contamination of Pb and Hg. Sampling was carried out exploratively in the waters of Lekok Beach, Pasuruan Regency. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive analysis by comparing the quality standards of the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. And analyzed by correlation test to determine the relationship between the content of heavy metals Pb and Hg in seawater and sediment with feather shells. The results of this study indicate that shellfish (Anadara antiquata) can accumulate heavy metals Pb and Hg. The average accumulation of heavy metals Pb and Hg in Anadara antiquata was 2,315 ppm and 1,100 ppm. The average heavy metal content of Pb and Hg along the sea waters of the Lekok coast are 0.204 ppm and 0.073 ppm. In the sediment the average metal content of Pb and Hg is 5.318 ppm and 1.215 ppm. The heavy metal content has exceeded the quality standard limit that has been determined by the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 51 of 2004 and RNO, so that it can be harmful to human health who consume shellfish. The results of the correlation test showed that there was a positive correlation between the heavy metal content of Pb and Hg in sediment and seawater and the heavy metal content of Pb and Hg in shellfish.

Anadara antiquata is utilized as alternative protein source with important economic value. Its high market demand causes uncontrolled catching by the communities on the coastal waters of Kuala Puteri, North Sumatra, which leads to natural population decline. The research objective was to analyze the stock of A. antiquata in the Kuala Puteri beach including density, distribution, growth patterns, growth parameters, long frequency distribution, mortality rates, and recruitment. Method used was simple random sampling using sero pipette during low tide, on 5 plots for each station, observed for 7 days on each of the 8 months of the study, and data analysis for each parameters. The highest A. antiquata density was at station 2 out of 3 total stations (444 ind m-2) and the lowest was at station 1 (290 ind m-2). A. antiquata distribution patterns at each station are a group with growth pattern of negative allometric. The frequency distribution of A. antiquata shell length from May to October 2020 shifted to left indicating recruits and formation of new shell length classes. Based on minimum shell length (16.2 mm) and maximum shell length (61.9 mm), the captured A. antiquata was estimated to be 1.3-4.8 years old. The theoretical lifespan at zero (t0) shell length is 0.02 years or 0.24 months. The total mortality rate for A. antiquata was 0.82 year-1, the natural mortality rate was 1.29 year-1, and the fishing mortality rate was 0.47 year-1. The recruitment peak occurred in September 2020 at 23.29% with an optimal exploitation value (e = 0.5). This means current fishery management can be continued.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Anadara antiquata was first determined. With a length of 45,454 bp, it consists of 29 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 17 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The non-coding region was large and atypical around the genome with total 24,162 bp long. The nucleotide composition is significantly biased with AT contents of 62.2%. PCGs have five types of start codon, and terminate with a complete stop codon TAA or TAG. 19 microsatellites (SSRs) were identified in mitogenome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that A. antiquata was first clustered with Anadara vellicate, then together with Tegillarca granosa.

The presence of heavy metals in the waters has a negative effect on the growth, reproduction, and survival of aquatic biota. Lead (Pb) is a toxic material that easily accumulates in human organs and can cause health problems in the form of anemia, impaired kidney function, disorders of the nervous system, brain and skin. The limit consumption of Pb is 0.2 - 2.0 mg per day. Cadmium (Cd) is the heavy metal most commonly found in the environment, especially the water environment, and has a high toxic effect, even at low concentrations. This study aim to determine the best filter to reduce the Pb and Cd content of blood cockle ( Anadara antiquata ). The research method is experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments test used Gracillaria sp, zeolite and activated carbon filters. The test for heavy metal content used the AAS test. The results showed that the difference of filter have an effect on the reduction of Pb and Cd content in blood cockle. Giving activated charcoal filters can decreased the Pb and Cd content higher, with an average percentage of 31.5% for Pb and 28.56% for Cd.

Anadara antiquata is economically important species for fisheries and belong to phylum mollusc which also found in Maluku. However, the density of population begins to decrease recently due to high exploitation by people. The objective of the present study was to analyze relative growth pattern of A. antiquata including size distribution and growth pattern based on shell dimensions. The study was conducted from December 2016 to February 2017 in Ihamahu coastal waters. Data were collected by using purposive random sampling. All the individuals of A. antiquata found were measured the length, width and height by using a vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 and Microsoft Excel software. The results indicated that the A. antiquata mostly found in seagrass bed with a muddy substrate. The size distribution of shell dimensions was different during sampling. Overall, the length ranged from 15.87 mm to 57.5 mm, the width from 15.50 mm to 48.60 mm and the height was from 9.36 mm to 35.9 mm. The population of A. antiquata consisted of juvenile and mature size. The mature size (> 30 mm) was more dominant in the population. The A. antiquata showed allometric relative growth pattern based on shell dimensions.

Expedient shell tool use among Oceanic peoples is widely known in ethnographic context but oftentimes almost impossible to identify in the archaeological record. This paper examines Anadara antiquata bivalve scrapers, a potential artefact type in the Kingdom of Tonga that is defined by a consistently formed ventral margin. To assess the veracity of tool identification and to ensure that the edge has not been created through natural breakage, a series of experimental studies was undertaken. These illustrate that the functional edge can be formed only through intentional preparation using an inside-out flaking technique on the ventral lip. A low-powered starch test on archaeological specimens further illustrates the presence of starch on the prepared working plane. Finally, an analysis of archaeological specimens from five Tongan sites seeks additional insight on morphological variation within the tool type. L'usage d'outils expédients façonnés de coquillages par les peuples d'Océanie est connu par l'ethnographie, mais il est difficile à identifier dans le registre archéologique. Ce papier présente un potentiel type d'outil en coquillage provenant du Royaume de Tonga, le racloir sur bivalve Anadara antiquata, qui se caractérise par une marge ventrale retouchée. Pour valider ce type d 'outil et vérifier que son tranchant n'est pas crée par le bris naturel, une série d'études furent conduites. Celles-ci indiquent qu'un tel tranchant ne peut être formé que par une préparation délibérée du tranchant employant une retouche de la face intérieure de la marge ventrale de la coquille. Des exemples archéologiques sont soumis à un test au Lugol confirmant la présence de restes d'amidon sur la surface de travail. Dernièrement, une analyse de spécimens archéologiques provenant de cinq sites à Tonga permet la documentation de la variance morphologique de ce type d'outil.