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As a critical power source for urban rail transit, cable lines are installed and operated in highly complex environments. To facilitate cable installation, construction personnel often secure cables to angle irons, which can lead to increased localized stress at the contact points between the cable outer sheath and the angle iron. Meanwhile, low smoke zero-halogen (LSZH) flame retardant materials, being more environmentally friendly and safer, are widely used in cable outer sheaths. However, compared to traditional polyolefin-based cable sheaths, the addition of large amounts of inorganic flame retardants reduces the mechanical properties of the cable sheath, such as tensile strength, hardness, and flexural resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the technical requirements for cable installation processes. This study focuses on the localized stress resulting from contact between LSZH flame-retardant cable sheaths and angle irons during installation. Using finite element analysis (FEA), it evaluates the mechanical performance of LSZH cable sheaths under different external environmental conditions. The aim is to provide theoretical guidance and data support for construction personnel in developing installation plans for LSZH flame-retardant cables, thereby avoiding economic losses caused by poor construction practices.

The density of charged particles in extensive air showers reaching the surface of the Earth was calculated by estimating the lateral distribution function (LDF) of different primary particles at high energies. LDF simulation was performed using the AIRES system (version 19.04.10), a set of programs and subroutines designed to simulate ultra-high-energy air showers resulting from the interaction of cosmic rays with the Earth’s atmosphere. This system includes algorithms for fast simulation and output data management, and can simulate particle showers realistically and manage the related data efficiently. Its aim is to contribute to research on high-energy cosmic ray interactions for two charged particles, like muons and electrons, at very high energies (10 16 , 10 18 , and 10 19 eV) and taking into account the effect of particles, such as protons, helium nuclei, and iron nuclei, and primary energies and zenith angles (0°, 20°, and 40°). The LDF was also calculated using the Nishimura–Kamata–Greisen function, and good agreement was found with the results produced by the AIRES system for high-energy muons and electrons created by primary particles.

In order to obtain a better connection state between the carbon block and steel claw of aluminum guide rod in the electrolytic aluminum anode assembly, the casting simulation software (ProCAST) was used to simulate the casting process of phosphorus cast iron at different groove angles and the connection interface was actually detected. The results show that during the angle of phosphorus cast iron is 15 degrees, the filling speed, temperature distribution and the solid phase ratio are relatively uniform. Also, sequential solidification can be basically realized, which can lead to obtain the low porosity casting. The interface grain orientation between the phosphorus cast iron and the steel claw would be more dense, and the interface grain between the cast iron and the carbon block is more sparse. The simulation calculations are consistent with the actual EBSD test results. This process results in a good casting junction interface and retains the required brittleness (easy to press off and recycle assembly).

Nd x Y 1-x FeO 3 polycrystalline samples with ‘x’ value ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 in steps of 0.2 are synthesized using sol–gel auto combustion method. The structural and magnetic properties of Neodymium (Nd) doped YFeO 3 are presented in the present work. Experimental techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic studies are used for structural characterization of the prepared compounds. From XRD measurements, unit cell parameters and cell volume are calculated. XRD graphs indicate the presence of secondary phases in the studied samples. The Fe–O–Fe bond angles from XRD show no significant change with substitution. Magnetic measurements indicate the presence of weak ferromagnetic component for all the samples. Isomer shift value from 57 Fe Mossbauer measurements indicate that iron ion is in Fe 3+ ionic state. Hyperfine field (B hf ) values increase with the increase in the Nd doping concentration. The important observation of the present work is the increase in electrical leakage current with Nd substitution.

Steel structure designers frequently encounter the need to reinforce hot-rolled compressed steel elements. This is particularly common in the case of compressed truss bars in steel truss girders. Typically, reinforcement is designed using bars or flat bars welded to the compressed element. However, welding technology is not always feasible in existing and operational steel halls due to fire safety concerns. To address this challenge, researchers investigated alternative reinforcement methods using bonded steel and CFRPs (carbon fiber-reinforced polymers/plastics) tapes. Laboratory tests and numerical analyses were conducted. Eleven 1.5 m long specimens made of 50 × 50 × 4 angle iron from S235 steel were subjected to axial compression testing. The test samples included three unreinforced samples, three samples reinforced with steel tape bonded using SikaDur-30 adhesive, and five samples reinforced with CFRP tape (SikaDur-30 adhesive was used for bonding in three cases, and 3M VHB GPH-160GF tape in two cases). The research conducted indicates that reinforcement using bonded steel tapes is the most effective method for limiting vertical displacements and deformations, as well as increasing the load-bearing capacity of the tested angles by 28.6% compared to the reference elements. Considering the high cost of composite tapes, this is valuable information from an economic analysis perspective. The absence of steel tape delamination suggests that the bonding technique can be successfully employed in this reinforcement method and can replace welding, for example in facilities where there is a high fire hazard.

In this study, the surface properties of iron microparticles were modified for the manipulation of liquid droplets using atmospheric pressure plasma jets. These modified hydrophobic iron microparticles were prepared by synthesizing fluorinated silica nanocomposites on the surfaces of iron microparticles under atmospheric pressure plasma. The compositions of the silica nanocomposites were controlled by the deposition of hexamethyldisiloxane and fluoroalkylsilane precursors. The fluorinated silica nanocomposites were then used with iron microparticles to prepare magnetic liquid marbles. The contact angles of the iron microparticles and the fluorinated silica nanoparticle coating on the glass surface were both 154°, which indicated that the surfaces of these particles were superhydrophobic. Higher hexamethyldisiloxane precursor flow rates produced more silica nanocomposites and resulted in greater roughness and larger contact angles. Changes in surface roughness were characterized by atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that C–F bonds were present on the modified glass surface. The presented approach allows rapid and highly efficient modification of uneven surfaces and can therefore be employed to render hydrophilic, superhydrophobic, and oleophilic surfaces. Moreover, the described hydrophobic iron microparticles can be used for the controlled magnetic manipulation of water droplets and oil–water separation.

Flexible-bending is a relatively novel bending process, particularly suitable for profile and tube bending. Advantageous characteristics, such as manufacturing profiles or tubes of different radii without die change and continuous forming of bent profiles or tubes, make flexible-bending highly applicable and efficient especially in small batch production. In this paper, flexible-bending process of angle iron which is a typical asymmetric-section profile was investigated with finite element analysis method. The effect of die offset on radius of bent angle iron in outward and inward bending process was investigated. The cause and elimination method of side bending defect in bent angle irons were analyzed and compared with the experimental results. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results, which verify the feasibility of using simulation to guide the experiment. The results of both simulations and experiments indicate that the curvature of bending angle iron and side bending increases linearly with the die offset. The curvature of side bending outward is larger than the curvature of side bending inward of same die offset. The side bending defect can be eliminated by shifting the die in reverse direction of side bending.

Significant differences in the physical and mechanical properties exist between the rock masses on two sides of an ore-rock contact zone, which the production tunnels of an underground mine must pass through. Compared with a single rock mass, the mechanical behavior of the contact zone composite rock comprising two types of rock is more complex. In order to predict the overall strength of the composite rock with different contact angles, iron ore-marble composite rock sample uniaxial compression tests were conducted. The results showed that composite rock samples with different contact angles failed in two different modes under compression. The strengths of the composite rock samples were lower than those of both the pure iron ore samples and pure marble samples, and were also related to the contact angle. According to the stress-strain relationship of the contact surface in the composite rock sample, there were constraint stresses on the contact surface between the two types of rock medium in the composite rock samples. This stress state could reveal the effect of the constraint stress in the composite rock samples with different contact angles on their strengths. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, a strength model of the composite rock considering the constraint stress on the contact surface was constructed, which could provide a theoretical basis for stability researches and designs of contact zone tunnels.

Switched reluctance motors’ (SRMs) implementation in electric vehicle drives are widely increasing due to several merits, such as a wide speed range, high torque density, and rare earth‐free characteristics, but it also has some drawbacks, such as more torque ripples, acoustic noise, and vibration, that hinder its usage in electrical vehicle applications. This paper introduces a novel geometry of rotor teeth of SRM, where two slots are inserted per each tooth of rotor to create rotor‐slotted tooth SRM (RST‐SRM). The novel topology aims to enhance the performance of SRMs, especially at high speeds. The overall performance of the RST‐SRM was carried out in addition to comparing it with performance of both stator‐slotted tooth SRM (SST‐SRM) and conventional SRM. The design parameters of the three models are the same and carried out by finite element tools (FETs) to obtain the magnetic characteristics, and the static analysis of the three models is compared. Dynamic performance was achieved by implementing the MATLAB Simulink package. The steady‐state and start‐up performance of the three models were obtained and compared. The performance parameters are estimated at various slot dimensions of the novel technique, in addition to studying the effect of conduction angles for three models. Finally, the efficiency, iron losses, and torque ripple maps of the three models are compared to simulate the scope of the work of electric vehicles.

Sandwich panels are commonly used across industries for their ability to bear structural and thermal loads. In this paper, a panel chamber matching apparatus was designed to investigate the thermal performance of eight steel-based panels by exposing them to an impinging jet at approximately 550 °C for 30 min. Three types of low-cost materials (polycrystalline filaments, silica aerogel, and aluminum silicate) were used as the insulation core. The temperature of the panel surfaces was measured, as well as the metallic fasteners, including bolts, nails, battens, seams, and angle iron, to examine their thermal bridge effects. Major conclusions include the following: first, the maximum temperature on the impinged surface was consistent among all 20 cases, whereas that of the surface under free convection varied, ranging from 41 to 120 °C, depending on the core and thermal bridges. Second, most of the highest temperatures on opposite surfaces were caused by a section of bare angle iron, and this bridging effect could be significantly reduced by up to 50 °C using a few layers of cloth, although the improvement could be temporary. Bolts and nails were less effective as thermal bridges, while the battens could be more effective. Third, the estimated heat flux of all specimens ranged from 167 to 331 W·m−2.