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Sun, Y.; Dong, S.; Zhou, W.; Guo, L.; Guo, G., and Zhang, X., 2019. A comprehensive review of secondary metabolites with antialgal activity from marine macroalgae against red tide microalgae. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 475–488. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Red tide, mainly caused by the large-scale reproduction of microscopic algae, has virtually affected every coastal country or region in the whole world over the last several decades. In order to control and mitigate the proliferation and diffusion of red tide microalgae, there are many methods or strategies for fighting or inhibiting red tide microalgae species, these methods or strategies included mechanical, chemical, biological, genetic methods and others. Unfortunately, the use of these methods or strategies is usually ineffective. There are some evidences that the inhibition effect of marine macroalgae on the growth of red tide microalgae is mainly due to the release of bioactive molecules, which are mainly secondary metabolites. Thus, antialgal secondary metabolites, isolated marine macroalgae, have become an environmentally friendly alternative approach. And relevant researches of antialgal secondary metabolites in marine macroalgae, such as screen, isolation, identification and other research etc., have also become very important subjects to biological control of red tide microalgae. The inhibition effects of marine macroalgae on red tide microalgae are here reviewed, focusing on antialgal secondary metabolites, isolated from marine macroalgae, against red tide microalgae growth. Further, this paper describes isolation and EC50-96 h (half maximal effective concentration) or IC50-96 h (half maximal inhibitory concentration) for red tide microalgae of some antialgal secondary metabolites, including the recently discovered compounds. Finally, this review is the first to demonstrate that development relationships between macroalgae and red tide using CiteSpace, and cluster view of macroalgae and red tide is given for the first time. This work provides scientists in the field with the necessary information and the urgent need to isolate and identify screening antialgal secondary metabolites in different marine macroalgae. Also, analysis result, which obtained through CiteSpace, has pointed out that allelopathic interaction between marine macroalgae and red tide microalgae has been developed into a study area during the last twenty years.

Forty-nine secondary metabolites were isolated from aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the aquatic plant Shoenoplectus lacustris. All compounds were characterized based on spectroscopic data. Eleven free and glycosylated low-molecular polyphenols, 17 cinnamic acid and dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives, 11 flavonoids, and 10 C13 nor-isoprenoids were identified. The structure of the new compound, 1-benzoyl-glycerol-2-α-l-arabinopyranoside, was elucidated by 2D NMR experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY). To evaluate potential phytotoxic effects, all compounds were tested on the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, a unicellular organism commonly used in tests of toxicity as a bioindicator of eutrophic sites. The most active compound was (-)-catechin, showing an inhibition similar to that of the algaecide CuSO4.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Seaweed utilisation Aquaculture Integrated aquaculture Post‐harvest: agar extraction Cultivation in Latin America Conclusions References