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This book presents a unique analysis of letter writing in the Middle Islamic period. This was an important aspect of intellectual life among the ruling classes in that period and it can tell us a great deal about the cultural history of the time. The author sets epistolography within a wider context, drawing on similarities between Islamic modes of letter writing and those of Western cultures. He ties in the crucial notion of the power of the pen in Islamic society with epistemological trends and relationships of dependency among the bureaucracy.

Arabic letters on papyrus challenge the modern reader. There are few to no diacritical dots to distinguish homographs, no systematic spacing between single words, and in the majority of cases a low degree of graphical structuring. However, contemporary readers usually read and understood these documents easily – probably because the recipient of a letter knew what to expect. The letters are formulaic, and their information packaging follows an algorithm typical for their time and content. Here formulaic letter writing means not only the reuse of the same formulae or topoi but expressing thoughts in a predictable linguistic way and order, both as a matter of readability and as one of adequacy and politeness. The main concern of this work is to discover these unwritten rules and norms behind Arabic letter writing on papyrus.

See the retraction notice E3S Web of Conferences 538 , 00001 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453800001

Objective Dental occlusion and the alignment of the dentition play crucial roles in producing speech sounds. The Arabic language is specifically complex, with many varieties and geographically dependent dialects. This study investigated the relationship between malocclusion and speech abnormalities in the form of misarticulations of Arabic sounds. Materials and methods One hundred native subjects (28.92 ± 12.09 years old) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was used to describe malocclusion pattern. A standard speech sample was recorded for each subject and evaluated by a blinded speech therapist to judge misarticulations and indicate the misarticulation classification. The Jeddah Institute for Speech and Hearing Centre (JISH) articulation test was used to assess the phonologic abilities of the participants. Mann-Whitney U test was utilized for the statistical analysis. P -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The PAR score ranged from 0 to 15, with an average of 4.87. The descriptive statistics of the included sample demonstrated that twenty-seven subjects showed improper articulation of sounds, with 25 being distortions and 2 substitutions. No significant gender differences were reported. A statistically significant association between PAR scores was recorded for the sounds / ص/ ( p  = 0.004), / ز/ ( p  = 0.017), and / س/ ( p  = 0.010). Conclusions There was an evident pattern of partial association of PAR index scores and speech abnormalities including improper articulation. To provide optimal care for involved subjects, collaboration between orthodontists and speech therapists, in pre- and post-treatment evaluations, is crucial.

Little research has been conducted on Arabic letter knowledge. This study investigates the nature of Arabic letter knowledge, its dimensionality, and the relative difficulty of letter knowledge items, all within an item response theory (IRT) framework. Three letter knowledge tests were administered to 142 native Arabic-speaking kindergarteners (mean age = 67 months). The letter recognition task was found to be multidimensional, containing two factors, whereas the allograph and syllable tasks were found to be unidimensional. Results showed that a two parameter model fit best for all three tasks, demonstrating that items varied in degree of difficulty and in discrimination. Findings provide a subset of letters that are most useful for quickly and precisely assessing children’s letter knowledge. Results are discussed in the context of orthographic and linguistic features of Arabic. Implications for assessment and instruction are discussed.

An insufficient number of studies investigated the criteria for Arabic letter teaching in schools. Teachers play an integral role in understanding Arabic letters among young children, as it is essential for acquiring reading in the Arabic language early in life. The criteria for teaching letters in a current study include ease of pronunciation, long vowels, short vowels, ease of pronunciation, sound, shape, and letter names. It is important to consider letter teaching as it helps in the early recognition and identification of the language and in performing better academically. The focus of the current study is to explore the orthographic attributes of Arabic letters, how teachers teach these letters, the order and criteria they follow, and the relative difficulty of letter knowledge items within the Arabic alphabet framework. Arabic letter teaching criteria tests were conducted among 80 teachers from Arabic-speaking countries in UAE. These teachers taught Kindergarten, grade 1, and special needs children. The current study's findings revealed that Arabic letter teaching efforts are dynamic as chi-square results are non-significant, reflecting that teachers' criteria and order adopted do not depend on teachers' level of education or their specific area of expertise. Findings show that most teachers who adopt ease of pronunciation of letters in teaching students start with long vowels. Furthermore, results indicated that most teachers introduce Arabic letters, sounds, and shapes when teaching young learners.

This essay begins the collection’s consideration of letters, which form the second largest broad category of documentary Geniza materials. Although the epistolary form had many uses in the Islamic world of the period, the great majority of these letters are real single-sheet missives and bear physical evidence of having been sent from author to addressee. In this essay, I argue that mercantile letters form an identifiable subgenre within the broader corpus, identifiable by a combination of diplomatic, linguistic, and compositional norms that generally distinguish them from other kinds of correspondence. The most striking of these features are briefly discussed, followed by an edition and a translation of a sample letter. The sample letter is one of over three hundred sent to the same man, Nahray b Nissīm. His papers are both the largest extant archive of mercantile materials and the only mercantile corpus for which there is good evidence that it was kept as a part of a personal archive before finding its way to the Cairo Geniza.

Öz: Tarih düşürme, önem verilen ya da dikkat çeken bir olayın yılını veya tarihini göstermek üzere, ebced hesabıyla bir cümle, bir mısra ya da beyit söyleme sanatıdır. Arap Edebiyatında şiirle tarih düşürmenin kesin olarak ne zaman başladığı bilinmiyor. Tarih düşürme sanatı Arap edebiyatının Osmanlılar döneminde geliştirilmiş, şairler bu hususta çeşitli tarzlar ortaya koymuşlar, bu alanda o dönemin başlangıcında en-Nâblusî’nin öğrencisi Abdurrahmân el-Behlûl şöhret olmuşsa da, bu sanat birçok şair tarafından kullanılmıştır. Konuları bakımından tarih düşürme, doğum, ölüm, padişahların tahta çıkışı, tayin, bir görevden azledilme, sünnet, evlenme, bazı yapıların inşası, onarımı, savaş, barış ve anlaşma gibi hayatın hemen her alanına girmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarih Düşürme Sanatı, Ebced Hesabı, Osmanlı Dönemi Arap Edebiyatı.Abstract: Composing chronograms is a literary art of composing a verse or a couplet with the ebced in order to show the full date or year of a significant event. It is not clearly known when composing chronograms by verse started in Arabic literature. Composing chronograms was developed in Arabic literature of Ottoman era and poets created various styles in this art. Though Abdurrahman al-Behlûl who was a disciple of al- Nâblusî  became famous for this art in the beginning of the era, this art was used by several other poets. In terms of their topics, creating chronograms covered almost all topics of daily life such as birth, death, accession of sultans to the throne, appointment or removal of a person, circumcision, marriage, building or repair of some facilities, a war, peace or a deal.Keywords: the art of identifying date, the calculation of a date by adding up the numerical values of Arabic letters, Arabic Literature in the Ottoman period. Composing chronograms is a literary art of composing a verse or a couplet with the ebced in order to show the full date or year of a significant event. It is not clearly known when composing chronograms by verse started in Arabic literature. Composing chronograms was developed in Arabic literature of Ottoman era and poets created various styles in this art. Though Abdurrahman al-Behlûl who was a disciple of al-Nâblusî became famous for this art in the beginning of the era, this art was used by several other poets. In terms of their topics, creating chronograms covered almost all topics of daily life such as birth, death, accession of sultans to the throne, appointment or removal of a person, circumcision, marriage, building or repair of some facilities, a war, peace or a deal