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Architectural heritage refers to buildings, complexes, and sites with historical, cultural, artistic, technological, and geographical values, including ancient buildings, historical buildings, places of interest, dwellings, and industrial sites. China’s 20th-Century Architectural Heritage List is a state-level list that includes architecture of historical, cultural, technological, and artistic value in China in the 20th century. It is the carrier of the past century and the monument to witnessing the change in human knowledge, culture, technology, and even art. This list is from China, a country with a vast land area, a densely populated population, and numerous architectural relics. This study used ArcGIS to analyze 597 cases in 6 batches in China’s 20th-Century Architectural Heritage List. Its spatial structure was studied by calculating the nearest neighbor index, Gini coefficient, imbalance index, and kernel density. The results showed that the distribution of the Chinese modern architectural heritage resources is cohesive and uneven in China. Next, the geographical detector model was used to analyze its influencing factors from the perspective of 12 factors. This study found that the spatial distribution of this type of resource was condensed. The provincial level showed a distribution pattern of seven centers with one core and multiple scattered points. Its distribution in 34 administrative regions is extremely uneven, with 57.29% being located in North and East China. It also focused on analyzing five influencing factors, namely, topography, regional status, culture and education, social and economic development level, and external contact. Exploring its spatial structure and influencing factors will not only enable a comprehensive understanding of the development context and current situation of 20th-century architectural heritage, but also provide a reference for its protection and sustainable use.

The importation of prefabricated buildings into colonies was a prevalent practice during the British colonial expansionist venture. However, in post-colonial Nigeria today, many of these prefabricated houses have either been largely modified or have vanished without architectural or written records. This undocumented disappearance poses a challenge to the development of architectural restoration proposals for the remaining few, especially with the authenticity of materials, as well as their morphology, configuration, use, and function being heavily contested. Among the remaining few that have undergone layers of modifications and are on the verge of total collapse is the Egbo Egbo Bassey House, imported and built in Old Calabar between 1883 and 1886 and declared a National Monument of Nigeria in 1959. Given the dearth of architectural and historical data, this paper aims to reconstruct its architectural morphology, chronological modification, and historical uses and functions, with the view of developing an evidence-based architectural restoration proposal for its adaptive reuse. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews (n = 16), archival research at the National Museum (archival file ID: TF128/C.25/A and TF120/C.20/A), and a measured architectural survey, which was performed using laser tapes and laser rangefinders. Annotated building images were captured using a Canon 5D Mark III and a DJI Marvic 3 drone. Comparative analysis with two other exemplars of prefabricated houses in the region was also conducted to consolidate oral, archival, and field data. Three architectural modification stages, namely 1886, 1959, and 2012, were determined for the analytical framework. Architectural outputs include measured 2-dimensional drawings (scale 1:50) and 3-dimensional models for the three historical stages. The accuracy of each model was ensured through methodical triangulation and confidence rubric ratings. The result of this paper provides a replicable inquiry methodology, which can be used to develop an evidence-based workflow for developing a restoration proposal for architectural heritage in contexts where architectural and historical data are not available or contested. As a limitation, this research does not include an analysis of wood typology, structural testing, and statistical analysis of material.

Propagating architectural heritage is of great significance to the inheritance and protection of local culture. Recommendations based on user preferences can greatly benefit the promotion of local architectural heritage so as to better protect and inherit historical culture. Thus, a powerful tool is necessary to build such a recommendation system. Recently, deep learning methods have proliferated as a means to analyze data in architectural domains. In this paper, based on a case study of Jiangxi, China, we explore a recommendation system for the architectural heritage of a local area. To organize our experiments, a dataset for traditional Chinese architecture heritage is constructed and a deep hashing retrieval method is proposed for the recommendation task. By utilizing a data fine-tuning strategy, our retrieval method can realize high-accuracy recommendation and break the model training restriction caused by insufficient data on local architectural heritage. Furthermore, we analyze the retrieval answers and map the data into a two-dimensional space to reveal the relationships between different architectural heritage categories. An image-to-location application is also provided for a better user experience.

The article explores the relationship between corporate architecture and corporate heritage brand identity. It scrutinises the process by which architectural design enacts an idiosyncratic architectural style by mobilising resources from organisational, cultural and social heritage. In addition to desktop research, including interdisciplinary resources, an empirical case study of bank buildings in France is used to develop the argument. The data collection includes two personal interviews with bank managers and on-site guided visits of landmark buildings. The data are triangulated by supplemental company material and archival research. The notion of architectural heritage conduits is introduced to discuss the findings. The original contribution of the article consists in exploring the architectural features that materialise organisational identity, whilst drawing on social, cultural and artistic heritage. The implications for managers and practitioners suggest that the creation of a sui generis architectural style repertoire differentiates the corporate heritage brand in a competitive environment.

The precious timber-framed buildings of both China and Japan have been preserved as heritage. Over time, the conservation and restoration of heritage in both countries have gradually matured. The restoration projects in each country are mostly guided by the documents promulgated by ICOMOS, which are followed as closely as possible in the actual restoration process. Nevertheless, the specific restoration projects in the two countries show a difference in their perceptions of authenticity, especially at the practical level. Therefore, this study intends to improve our understanding of the “authenticity” in the restoration projects of China and Japan so as to provide better guidance for practice. Therefore, this study firstly reviews the development of the conservation theory of authenticity in the West and East Asia. We then analyze the recent restoration projects of three typical study objects from China and Japan—Nanchan Temple, Foguang Temple and Toshodai Temple, which are all world cultural heritage sites—and conduct a comparison study to analyze the embodiment of the concept of authenticity in the actual intervention process. Accordingly, based on the analysis of comparative cases and documents, combined with the statistical results of the frequency of “authenticity” and “intervention” being mentioned in the international documents, we provide insights into the theories of heritage conservation in China and Japan.

At the turn of the 20th century, Christian and Catholic churches in Western nations established numerous mission hospitals in non-European regions. In China, mission hospitals represent a significant category of modern architectural heritage, symbolising advancements in healthcare and medical education while also serving as historical artifacts of early cultural interactions between China and the West. With ongoing developments in medical technology, these mission hospital structures no longer meet contemporary healthcare demands; many have been repurposed or temporarily abandoned. Preserving and effectively repurposing mission hospital heritage has thus emerged as a critical issue. In the present study, the Shantung Christian University Union Medical College was examined as a case study in addressing this challenge. The site retains the original Outpatient Building, Inpatient Building, Medical Teaching Building, and other architectural heritage and has preserved the original mixed Chinese and Western architectural styles. A combination of historical research, field investigation, and historic layering was adopted in the present study, drawing primarily on data from historical maps, satellite images from different periods, aerial photography from drones, architectural drawings, and other relevant historical data. Through case studies, methods for characterising and identifying the landscape and architectural heritage of mission hospitals were explored. Principles for the preservation and regeneration of the heritage of church hospitals were also proposed, with a view to providing a reference for the study and preservation of this type of heritage.

This study aims to examine the Tourist Destination Image construct in destinations with historical and architectural heritage by applying and comparing two different techniques, experimentation using neuromarketing techniques and measures, and survey using multi-item scales. Both techniques measured the cognitive and emotional responses of participants who experienced virtual realities of tourist destinations with architectural heritage. In the case of the experimentation, we applied neuroscience techniques to observe and measure brain responses in alpha and beta bioelectrical waves using an electroencephalogram. In the case of the survey, the questionnaire included a multi-item scale to measure the cognitive and emotional dimensions of the image of the virtual destinations. The results indicate that the virtual experience of historical and architectural heritage intensively and positively impacts Tourist Destination Image formation. The measure based on the multi-item scale seems to offer better explanatory and predictive results. However, this result may be due to methodological limitations. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la formación de la imagen de destino turístico de destinos con patrimonio histórico y arquitectónico utilizando y comparando dos técnicas diferentes, la experimentación, aplicando tecnicas y medidas de neuromarketing y la encuesta aplicando escalas de medida multi-item. En ambas técnicas, medimos las respuestas cognitivas y emocionales de los participantes que experimentaron realidades virtuales de destinos turísticos con patrimonio arquitectónico. En el caso de la experimentación, aplicamos técnicas de neurociencia para observar y medir respuestas en ondas bioeléctricas cerebrales alfa y beta mediante un electroencefalograma. En el caso de la encuesta, el cuestionario incluía una escala multiítem para medir las dimensiones cognitivas y emocionales de la imagen de los destinos virtuales. Los resultados indican que la experiencia virtual del patrimonio histórico y arquitectónico impacta de manera intensiva y positiva en la formación de la imagen del destino turístico. La medida basada en la escala multiítem parece ofrecer mejores resultados explicativos y predictivos. Sin embargo, este resultado puede deberse a limitaciones metodológicas.

This paper aims at proposing a model for virtual reality design studies by presenting the case of TeosVR, in which our interdisciplinary research group created a three-dimensional repository of the architectural heritage of the ancient city of Teos. It offers a three-dimensional modeling system with the capability of incorporating in situ data of archaeological remains and interpretative reconstructions for an excavation site with limited restitution data. Furthermore, the tools of the project go beyond traditional practices including data gathering, documenting, indexing, and analysis, and are also employed in generating virtual experience. Thus, the application created a platform to enhance interactions among experts of various disciplines.

Apartments thought to be one of the architectural heritages of the 20th century; it was built intensely in our country after World War II. The aim of the article is to establish the specific values that need to protect the apartments built on the European Coast of the Bosphorus and to create data for the conservation work to be carried out by experts on these buildings. After the World War II, in the floor apartments shaped by the social, socio-cultural, economic, architectural and technological developments in our country; old, design, style, traditional structure-material, standardization, personal memory, residential stock, functionality, environmentalism, group-plural-homogeneity and urban identity are required to be preserved as cultural assets. The architectural, urban, socio-cultural and economic gains that our country will provide through the special values of the apartment buildings are explained.

Driven by an almost fanatical desire for whatever is new, \"modern,\" and likely to make money, Houston is constantly in the process of remaking itself. Few structures remain from the nineteenth century, and even much of the twentieth-century built environment has fallen before the wrecking ball of \"progress.\" Indeed, the demolition of older buildings in Houston can be compared to the destruction of cityscapes such as Berlin, Warsaw, and Tokyo in World War II. But because this wholesale restructuring of Houston's built environment has happened in peacetime, historically minded people have only recently sounded an alarm over what is being lost and the toll this destruction is taking on Houstonians' sense of place. Houston Lost and Unbuilt presents an extensive catalogue of twentieth-century public and commercial buildings that have been lost forever, as well as an intriguing selection of buildings that never made it off the drawing board. The lost buildings (or lost interiors of buildings) span a wide range, from civic gathering places such as the Houston Municipal Auditorium and the Astrodome to commercial enterprises such as the Foley Brothers, Sears Roebuck, and Sakowitz department stores to \"Theatre Row\" downtown to neighborhoods such as Fourth Ward/Freedmen's Town. Steven Strom's introductions and photo captions describe each significant building's contribution to the civic life of Houston. The \"unbuilt\" section of the book includes numerous previously unpublished architectural renderings of proposed projects such as a multi-building city center, monorail, and people mover system, all which reflect Houston's fascination with the future and optimism that technology will solve all of the city's problems.