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China in space : the great leap forward
The 21st century has seen the emergence, after the Soviet Union and the United States, of the third great space superpower: China. Here, in China in Space - The Great Leap Forward, Brian Harvey takes a contemporary look at the new Chinese space program. China has already launched its first space station, Tiangong; has sent its first spacecraft to the Moon, the Chang e; and has plans to send spaceships to Mars and further afield. China's annual launch rate has already overtaken those of both Europe and the United States. Huge new production plants and launch centers are under construction, to build and launch the new family of Long March 5, 6, and 7 rockets. In Roadmap 2050, the Academy of Sciences indicates that China intends to be the leading spacefaring nation by mid-century, with bases on the Moon and Mars.This book gives an informed, fully up-to-date commentary on all aspects of the Chinese space program, including its history, development, technology, missions, and the personalities involved. It lists all the Chinese launches, missions, and terminology, going behind the press releases to draw on hitherto unused scientific papers and sources. China in Space is a unique, forward-looking account of the Chinese space program, covering its full range of missions: manned, communications, scientific, military, technology-testing, and lunar.-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Ready for Takeoff
An assessment of China's aerospace manufacturing capabilities and how China's participation in commercial markets and supply chains contributes to their improvement. It examines China's aviation and space manufacturing capabilities, government efforts to encourage foreign participation, transfers of foreign technology to China, the extent to which U.S. and foreign aerospace firms depend on supplies from China, and their implications for U.S. security interests.
eBook
Parametric formation control of multiple nanosatellites for cooperative observation of China Space Station
This study proposes a parametric formation control method for the cooperative observation of the China Space Station (CSS) using multiple nanosatellites. First, a simplified geometrical model of the CSS is constructed using fundamental solids, such as the capsule body and cuboid. Second, the spacecraft formation configuration for the observation mission is characterized by a three-dimensional (3D) Lissajous curve using related design parameters under the full-coverage observation requirements of specific parts, such as the CSS connecting section and collision avoidance constraints. Third, a double-layer control law is designed for each nanosatellite, in which the upper layer is a distributed observer for recognizing the target formation configuration parameters, and the lower layer is a trajectory-tracking controller to make the nanosatellite converge to its temporary target position calculated from the upper layer’s outputs. The closed-loop control stability is proven under the condition that the communication network topology of the nanosatellite cluster contains a directed spanning tree. Finally, the control method is verified by numerical simulation, where the CSS connecting section is selected as the observation target, and ten small nanosatellites are assumed to perform the cooperative observation mission. The simulation results demonstrate that the double-layer control law is robust to single-point communication failures and suitable for the accompanying missions of large space objects with multiple nanosatellites.
Journal Article
Space Policy in Developing Countries
This book analyses the rationale and history of space programs in countries of the developing world.
Space was at one time the sole domain of the wealthiest developed countries. However, the last couple of decades of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century have witnessed the number of countries with state-supported space programs blossom. Today, no less than twenty-five developing states, including the rapidly emerging economic powers of Brazil (seventh-largest), China (second-largest), and India (fourth-largest), possess active national space programs with already proven independent launch capability or concrete plans to achieve it soon.
This work places these programs within the context of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis. The author categorizes each space program into tiers of development based not only on the level of technology utilised, but on how each fits within the country's overall national security and/or development policies. The text also places these programs into an historical context, which enables the author to demonstrate the logical thread of continuity in the political rationale for space capabilities generally.
This book will be of much interest to students of space power and politics, development studies, strategic studies and international relations in general.
eBook
The Development of Phasemeter for Taiji Space Gravitational Wave Detection
Taiji space gravitational wave detection utilizes the laser interferometer to convert the tiny distance change into the phase fluctuation of the beat note. As to realize the sensitivity of 1 pm/√ Hz, the phasemeter needs to calculate the phase with the precision of 2πμ rad/√ Hz in the frequency range of 0.1 mHz and 1 Hz. In this paper, we report recent progress of the phasemeter for Taiji. Noises which possibly affect the measurement sensitivity are tested and discussed, especially the sampling noise and the frequency jitter. Finally, the accuracy of the phasemeter is calibrated. The result shows that the sensitivity has reached the requirement of Taiji in the frequencies between 0.01 Hz and 1 Hz, 0.1 mHz–1 mHz. Noises in the range of 1 mHz and 0.01 Hz, which have not yet depressed well, are dominated by the clocking jitter and the thermal fluctuation.
Journal Article
Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer Performance on Mini-pin-finned Copper Surfaces in FC-72
The uniformly distributed mini-pin-fins on the copper surface were designed and processed, and the enhanced boiling heat transfer performance on mini-pin-finned copper surfaces in FC-72 was investigated. The smooth copper surface was used as the experimental comparison group. The effect of the copper fin height, spacing, and width on the pool boiling heat transfer performance and the fin efficiency were investigated. At the same liquid subcooling, the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient of the uniformly distributed mini-pin-finned copper surface increased with the copper fin height, decreased with the rise of the copper fin spacing and fin width. The fin efficiency increases with the rise of the fin height, spacing, and width. The critical heat flux of the mini-pin-finned copper surface (PF0.3–0.2–2) reached 115.4 W·cm−2 at liquid subcooling of 25 K and increased by about 3.62 times compared with the smooth copper surface, and the heat transfer efficiency of mini-pin-finned copper surface (PF0.5–0.2–2) exceeded 95%.
Journal Article
Ground Validation Experiment and Spectral Detection Capability Evaluation of Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer (MMS) Aboard HX-1 Orbiter
As a hyperspectral imager aboard the orbiter “HX-1” of China’s first Mars mission, the Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer (MMS) is designed with hyperspectral and multispectral operation modes to survey the mineral types and their distribution on the surface of Mars, and to study the overall chemical composition and evolution history of Mars. The multispectral modes of MMS are different from hyperspectral modes on the bands selection, spatial and spectral resolution, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) etc. So the spectral detection capability of each mode of MMS is also different. The ground validation experiment of MMS is conducted to evaluate the hyperspectral and multispectral data quality and detection capabilities. The main conclusions include: (1) The measured hyperspectra of typical mineral samples obtained by MMS agree well with the data acquired by the Standard Comparison Spectrometers (SCS) under the same measurement conditions, and the spectral uncertainty between MMS and SCS is less than 7% in the key spectral ranges (
0.7
∼
2.2
μm
). For some typical minerals, the absorption band positions deviation between MMS and SCS are within
0.69
∼
14.86
nm
, which are within the spectral resolution limits of MMS. (2) The six sets of band combinations designed for MMS multispectral modes are slightly superior to CRISM’s multispectral mode in terms of spectral resolutions and bands selection, the water-containing minerals will be more accurately distinguished and identified, such as montmorillonite and kaolinite. Besides, the SNR of each multispectral mode is greater than 400 in the 500–2600 nm spectral range, which meets the requirements for the subtle spectral characteristics of water-containing minerals. (3) Benefiting from the MMS ground validation experiment and the experience of the OMEGA and CRISM, it is recommended that MMS first adopt the spatial continuous 52-sample or 104-sample (spatial resolution is about
0.53
∼
1.06
km
) multispectral operation mode for typical minerals global mapping and finding target areas of interest. Then the 208-sample multispectral mode (spatial resolution is about
∼
265
m
) or 26-sample hyperspectral mode can be used to survey target areas of interest for the subtle mineral types characteristics and distribution. At last, 26-sample hyperspectral mode could be used to monitor the atmospheric composition of Mars by limb observations.
Journal Article
On-orbit Test and Analyses of Operating Performances for Mechanically Pumped Two-phase Loop in Microgravity Environment
As a typically advanced two-phase heat transfer device, the operating performances of mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPTL) might be affected by microgravity condition. One MPTL setup integrating with a two-phase thermally-controlled accumulator is designed and constructed in present study. Particularly, three capillary structures and self-cooling measure are employed to perform the functions of two-phase fluid management and cooling of accumulator in microgravity environment. The obtained on-orbit test data of MPTL setup aboard the China’s test satellite SY-9 launched in 2021, including the temperatures and pressures, are employed to analyze the operating characteristics during the whole process, thermodynamic behavior of accumulator, and coupling process of heat and mass transfer between accumulator and main loop in μg. Superheat phenomenon takes place during phase changing process and it leads to a higher temperature. During generation and disappearance processes of two-phase fluid in the main loop, phenomenon of fluid exchange between the accumulator and the main loop occurs. The fluid management function and self-cooling ability of accumulator are validated under microgravity condition. The operating characteristics of MPTL system at a high rotation speed are compared with the results at a low speed. The gravity-independence of cross-sectional two-phase distribution in the transport tube of the main loop is discussed in the frame of dominant force analysis. The research would contribute to the theoretical basis of two-phase flow and heat transfer and would promote the development of active two-phase thermal control technology for space.
Journal Article
Space Program SJ-10 of Microgravity Research
SJ-10 program provides a mission of space microgravity experiments including both fields of microgravity science and space life science aboard the 24th recoverable satellite of China. Scientific purpose of the program is to promote the scientific research in the space microgravity environment by operating the satellite at lower earth orbit for 2 weeks. There are totally 27 experiments, including 17 ones in the field of microgravity science (microgravity fluid physics 6, microgravity combustion 3, and space materials science 8) and 10 in the field of space life science (radiation biology 3, gravitational biology 3, and space biotechnology 4). These experiments were selected from more than 200 applications. The satellite will be launched in the end of 2015 or a bit later. It is expected that many fruitful scientific results on microgravity science and space life science will be contributed by this program.
Journal Article