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Analyses of the flow of trade are based on three traditional trends, each of which focuses on one component of movement: commodity, infrastructures and actors. Based on these three models' limitations and the use of qualitative economic geography and ethnography, this paper enriches our understanding of the flows of cross-border trade, crossing of bodies of literature and theories. It offers a description of commercial traffic in the Central African Copperbelt and calls for a better comprehension of the specific conditions for executing commercial movements, where infrastructures, commodities and actors influence each other to allow the movement of things.

In Vietnam's postreform era, the proliferation of profiteering opportunities have, in addition to creating new forms of corruption, transmuted previously prevailing types of corrupt acts in multiple ways across different levels of state–society relations. Everyday corrupt practices have thus become an essential means of economic survival for many. Starting from the metaphorical framing of petty bribery as \"making law,\" I propose the notion of what I term \"corrupt exception\" as a conceptual tool to explore the power dynamics of petty corruption between state agents and small-scale traders at the Vietnam–China border. Whereas bribery is felt by local traders to create better profit opportunities, the corrupt exception likewise pushes them into a de facto illegality where they remain subjected to arbitrary \"lawmaking\" and excluded from legal protection. I show that the metaphors employed by small-scale traders to negotiate complicit relationships with corrupt state officials both contest and reinforce the exercise of a localized form of sovereign power in a permanent state of corrupt exception in which \"law\" is \"made\" in exchange for bribes. A través de los distintos niveles de las relaciones Estado-sociedad en la era post-reforma de Vietnam, la proliferación de oportunidades de beneficio ha transformado en múltiples maneras las formas de corrupción anteriormente prevalecientes, al tiempo que han surgido nuevos tipos de actos corruptos. Así, las prácticas cotidianas de corrupción han devenido un medio esencial de subsistencia económica para muchos. A través de la interpretación metafórica de la pequeña corrupción como \"hacer ley,\" propongo el término \"excepción corrupta\" como una herramienta conceptual para explorar las dinámicas de poder de la pequeña corrupción en la frontera entre Vietnam y China. Al tiempo que el soborno es percibido por los comerciantes locales como una herramienta para crear mejores oportunidades de beneficio, la excepción corrupta los conduce a una ilegalidad de facto dentro de cuyo marco dichos comerciantes permanecen sujetos a un \"hacer ley\" arbitrario y, por lo tanto, los excluye de cualquier protección legal. En este artículo muestro que las metáforas utilizadas por los pequeños comerciantes para negociar una complicidad compartida con los oficiales estatales corruptos, desafían, al tiempo que refuerzan, el ejercicio de un poder soberano localizado en un permanente estado de excepción corrupta donde \"la ley\" es \"hecha\" en el intercambio de los sobornos.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) aims to develop a ring for sustainable generation of energy that caters for the needs of the member nations. Being a primarily underdeveloped region, the union of SAARC countries is facing a serious energy crisis, owing to rapid increase in population and industrialization. All the member countries predominantly rely upon imported fossil fuels for power generation. In line with the vision of SAARC, this research explores the potential of renewable energy and provides a quantitative cross‐border electricity trade assessment and its social‐economical‐technical (SET) impact on the SAARC region. The research presented in this article signifies the need for cross‐border electricity trade to fulfill the ever‐increasing demand‐supply gap in the region by providing a rudimentary framework. This approach has the viable potential for alleviating the substandard quality of life in the region. The paper highlights near‐border cities of SAARC countries that can potentially perform cross‐border electricity trade in the SAARC region. In the first phase, near‐border cities of the SAARC countries are highlighted. Moreover, as a part of social impact, this study analyzes the social needs of energy suppliers and receiving regions and maps it with the United Nations' sustainable development goals. The SDG mapping process is based on the societal needs of the supplier and receiver countries. The societal needs are assessed and mapped with the corresponding SDGs. Results reveal that India can potentially provide power to the neighboring countries through wind and solar power generating 125.9 million US dollars and providing 2485 GWh of energy which is 85% of the total generation in the SAARC region which is 2896.51 GWh. A total of 2.2 Ton/GWh of CO2 mitigation can be achieved through green generation whereas 13 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be achieved through social impacts between the energy trading countries. Figure Receiver and supplier countries in energy trade and mapped achievable sustainable development goals.

New horizons are opening for Africa, with a growing number of Chinese andIndian businesses fostering its integration into advanced markets. However,significant imbalances will have to be addressed on both sides of the equation to support long-term growth.

In the present paper, we show how uncertainty emanating from fluctuations in economic uncertainty, news-based uncertainty, and geopolitical risks affect the number of containers exported from Thailand via Penang Port, Malaysia. Our sample extends from January 2009 to May 2020 from three main entry points in the Northern Peninsular Malaysia-Thailand Border: Padang Besar, Surat Thani, and Bukit Kayu Hitam. Two modes of transportation of containers are mainly used for export purposes, namely, road and rai. This study examines the nonlinear effect of uncertainty on trade by employing a two-regime Markov regime-switching approach. The empirical results show that, overall, uncertainty significantly affects the movement of containers in the high-uncertainty regime. Therefore, small ports must continue to diversify their client base to cushion the impact of fluctuations in global trade due to uncertainty.

Global food trade has become an increasingly crucial element for feeding the world's population. Enhancing bilateral or multilateral trust in food safety in international food trade is not only important for promoting the sustainable development of trade but is also beneficial for cooperation when facing a global food crisis. However, highly credible traceability systems (TSs) for the cross‐border movement of food are still absent in many countries and regions. Blockchain is regarded as a promising technology that can help build trust for transparency and security issues. In this paper, an interconnected conceptual traceability framework based on blockchain is proposed in order to increase trust in food safety during food trade. Taking the food trade between China and the European Union as an example, a conceptual framework is designed in order to take full advantage of existing TSs in these two locations, and the features of logistical flow, data flow, and blockchain flow are analyzed. Considering the data capacity and data privacy level, a hybrid data storage method combining on‐chain and off‐chain is adopted. Smart contracts according to the features of cross‐border food trade—including the recording of exportation data, exporter inspection data, shipment data, importer inspection data, importation data, and tracing queries—are packaged and deployed to a blockchain network. An effective operation mechanism involving the distribution of related rights for different roles is presented. The blockchain‐based TS framework has the advantages of enhancing bilateral trust in cross‐border food trade, providing a flexible and intelligent technical framework, and having effective operability. Future challenges, such as data security, special smart contracts, and consensus mechanisms, and interoperability with other systems, are discussed. Enhancing bilateral or multilateral trust in food safety in international food trade is not only important for promoting the sustainable development of trade but is also beneficial for cooperation when facing a global food crisis. Blockchain is regarded as a promising technology that can help build trust for transparency and security issues. In this paper, an interconnected conceptual traceability framework based on blockchain is proposed in order to increase trust in food safety during food trade.

This article discusses selected aspects of cross-border economic co-operation between two post-Soviet countries, Poland and Lithuania, which have become important trade partners since they became independent of the Russian economy and opened up to Western European markets. The growth of mutual trade has been linked to major political developments, including the accession of both countries to the European Union and the Schengen Area, and the outbreak of war in Ukraine and the imposition of economic sanctions by the EU Member States on Russia and Belarus. The authors examined cross-border economic cooperation at three levels: between Poland and Lithuania, between the Podlaskie Voivodeship (a region located in north-eastern Poland) and Lithuania, and within the Polish-Lithuanian border area. The basic forms of economic cross-border co-operation between Poland and Lithuania have been described, and then statistical data on this co-operation have been collected and analysed. The causes and effects of the increase in traffic at the Polish-Lithuanian border crossings, which contributed, inter alia, to the growth of cross-border trade and establishing of companies whose human capital is of mixed nationality in the border area, are also identified. The aim of this article is to analyze and evaluate selected legal and economic aspects of cross-border cooperation on the Polish-Lithuanian border, with particular emphasis on the Podlaskie Voivodeship.

This paper explores the role of trade instruments in globally efficient climate policies, focusing on the central issue of whether some form of border tax adjustment (BTA) is warranted when carbon prices differ internationally. It shows that tariff policy has a role in easing cross-country distributional concerns that can make non-uniform carbon pricing efficient and, more particularly, that Pareto-efficiency requires a form of BTA when carbon taxes in some countries are constrained, a special case being identified in which this has the simple structure envisaged in practical policy discusions. It also stresses-a point that has been overlooked in the policy debate-that the efficiency case for BTA depends critically on whether climate policies are pursued by carbon taxation or by cap-and-trade.

Trade that straddles borders in Central Asia plays a vital role in the livelihoods of border communities and buttresses prosperity in often poor regions. By strengthening commercial ties, cultural understanding and deepening community relationships, border trade nurtures amicable relations between neighboring countries. This book examines the characteristics of trade intermediated by a network of bazaars in Central Asia and its significance for local economies. It uncovers the dynamic phenomenon of bazaars in propelling trade. Bazaars were invented in central Asia centuries ago; in their modern form, as highly flexible and low cost centers for trade, endowed with modern sophisticated logistics, bazaars provide a channel parallel to that of formal trade. Bazaars play major roles in regional and national chains of production and distribution with national networks strongly integrated and overlapping across Central Asian economies. They are the major agents for border trade, which fights poverty by cheapening products and by creating employment opportunities, especially for women. The book examines the public policy implications of bazaar or non-standard trade and actions that could be taken to foster such trade. A light regulatory touch and a low fiscal burden would help fight poverty. Improvements in the business climate and elimination of harassment of traders by local officials as well as easing conditions for the movement of peoples and vehicles would be hugely beneficial.But this book goes beyond trade. It considers the potential for border community cooperation in a variety of activities, public services, and shared infrastructure, culture that could yield rich dividends and make meaningless borders as separators of human activities. It examines the example of border cooperation in Europe through Euroregios as a model for Central Asia. Finally, the book concludes with a series of recommendations for public authorities intended to deepen border trade and cooperation.