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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light and photosensitizer (PS) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells, presenting a promising strategy as an anti‐cancer treatment. However, the low hydrophilicity and poor targeting of currently used PSs, as well as the abnormal tumor microenvironment (TME), limit the clinical application of PDT. Herein, non‐toxic liposomes with the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic PS are used as the nanocarrier to co‐load Hemoporfin, L‐buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), and catalase (CAT) to obtain BSO/CAT@Liposomes‐Hemoporfin nanoparticles (BCHL NPs), which could be used to remodel the TME and to enhance Hemoporfin‐mediated PDT efficacy. BCHL NPs exhibit a long blood circulation time and can accumulate in the tumor. BSO can reduce the cytosolic concentration of glutathione (GSH), a natural scavenger of ROS. CAT catalyzes the endogenously overexpressed H2O2 in the tumor site into H2O and O2, thus relieving tumor hypoxia and enhancing ROS generation. Upon irradiation, the synergetic effects of reduced GSH synthesis by BSO and relieved hypoxia by CAT were observed in 4T1 tumor‐bearing mouse model. Compared to the tumor treated by free Hemoporfin, BCHL NPs‐mediated PDT resulted in 1.25‐fold higher inhibition of tumor growth due to the enhanced ROS generation. The present study provides insight into the design of efficient strategies for enhanced clinic Hemoporfin‐mediated PDT efficiency. BSO/CAT@Liposomes‐Hemoporfin nanoparticles could significantly enhance the ROS levels in cells in vitro and tumor model in vivo, which is attributed to the increasement of Hemoporfin in the tumor, depletion of GSH, and enhancement of local oxygen concentration.

Aiming at problems of low optimization accuracy and slow convergence speed in the gait optimization algorithm of lower limb exoskeleton robot, a novel gait multi-objectives optimization strategy based on beetle swarm optimization (BSO)-elite opposition-based learning (EOL) levy flight foraging (LFF) algorithm was proposed. In order to avoid the algorithm from falling into the local optimum, the EOL strategy with global search capability, the LFF strategy with local search capability and the dynamic mutation strategy with high population diversity were introduced to improve optimization performance. The optimization was performed by establishing a multi-objectives optimization function with the robot’s gait zero moment point (ZMP) stability margin and driving energy consumption. The joint comparative tests were carried out in SolidWorks, ADAMS and MATLAB software. The simulation results showed that compared with the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the BSO algorithm, the ZMP stability margin obtained by the BSO-EOLLFF algorithm was increased, and the average driving energy consumption was reduced by 25.82% and 17.26%, respectively. The human-machine experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority. The robot could realize stable and smooth walking with less energy consumption. This research will provide support for the application of exoskeleton robot.

Abundant glutathione (GSH) is a biological characteristic of lots of tumor cells. A growing number of studies are utilizing GSH depletion as an effective adjuvant therapy for tumor. However, due to the compensatory effect of intracellular GSH biosynthesis, GSH is hard to be completely exhausted and the strategy of GSH depletion remains challenging. Herein, we report an l -buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO)-based hypertoxic self-assembled peptide derivative (NSBSO) with dual functions of GSH depletion and biosynthesis inhibition for selective tumor ferroptosis and pyroptosis. The NSBSO consists of a hydrophobic self-assembled peptide motif and a hydrophilic peptide derivative containing BSO that inhibits the synthesis of GSH. NSBSO was cleaved by GSH and thus experienced a morphological transformation from nanoparticles to nanofibers. NSBSO showed GSH-dependent cytotoxicity and depletion of intracellular GSH. In 4T1 cells with medium GSH level, it depleted intracellular GSH and inactivated GSH peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and thus induced efficient ferroptosis. While in B16 cells with high GSH level, it exhausted GSH and triggered indirect increase of intracellular ROS and activation of Caspase 3 and gasdermin E, resulting in severe pyroptosis. These findings demonstrate that GSH depletion- and biosynthesis inhibition-induced ferroptosis and pyroptosis strategy would provide insights in designing GSH-exhausted medicines. Graphical Abstract

Trajectory tracking is a critical problem in the field of mobile robotics. In this paper, a control scheme combined with backstepping and fractional-order PID is developed for the trajectory tracking of the differential-drive mobile robot. The kinematic and dynamic models of the mobile robot are described in detail for the trajectory tracking controller design. Then, based on the model of the mobile robot, the design of the trajectory tracking control system is addressed by combining backstepping with fractional-order PID. Moreover, to obtain an optimal control system, an improved beetle swarm optimization algorithm is presented to tune the parameters of the kinematic and dynamic controllers simultaneously. Finally, several simulations are implemented to the trajectory tracking of mobile robots in the cases with and without skidding and sliding, and the results can confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the combined control scheme. Abbreviations: FOPID: fractional-order PID; FOPD: fractional-order PD; DDMR:differential-drive mobile robot; BAS: beetle antennae search; BA: beetle antennae; PSO:particle swarm optimization; BSO: beetle swarm optimization.

The first topic covered in this paper is the development of cultural confidence among college students within the context of the Internet, including its manifestations, characteristics, and value implications. Secondly, elite guidance is used to carry out adaptive parameter optimization of the BSO algorithm, and then horizontal and dynamic cultural communication strategies are proposed. Finally, an examination is conducted on college students' current state of cultural self-confidence. The results show that the average knowledge of cultural confidence of different majors is 0.0477, 0.3097, 0.4492 and 0.1935, respectively, and 882 college students indicate that they are very familiar with the knowledge of social core values. It follows that to foster college students’ cultural confidence, society and families must work with colleges and universities to encourage students to identify with and have confidence in Chinese culture.

According to the relationship between the economy and trade of the tea ceremony in foreign markets, this paper establishes the economic output model of tea in the tea ceremony in China and Russia, and at the same time, considering the spring tea frost disaster, combined with the probability model, the economic loss rate of tea frost is quantitatively evaluated. Through the analysis of social network and semantic network diagram, the semantic related high-frequency words were classified into the concept of tea culture, and the correlation between high-frequency words about tea culture was obtained. According to the comprehensive influence of domestic factors and foreign factors, the index system of influencing factors of tea export value was determined, and the prediction model of China’s tea export value based on CNN-BSO-LSTM algorithm was constructed by using big data technology, and the tea economy and culture from the perspective of Sino-Russian tea ceremony were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the three indexes of CNNBSO-LSTM were 0.9431, 8850212 and 4.112, respectively, which performed better than other models. The CNN-BSOLSTM model predicts that China’s tea exports will reach around RMB 3.5 billion in 2025, up significantly from RMB 2.3 billion in 2022. This study promotes the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Russia, and is of great significance for promoting the rise and development of urban belts along the Belt and Road.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE is an efficient treatment for patients suffering from metastasized neuroendocrine tumours. Nevertheless, suboptimal effects have been observed in the majority of patients. Hence, strategies to improve [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE efficacy are desirable. Lu-177 induces oxidative stress, eventually leading to tumour cell death. Inhibition of the antioxidant defence mechanisms, using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), represents an attractive strategy to increase [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE efficacy. In cells and an animal model, the combination of [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE and BSO was more effective than [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE alone. In addition, it did not result in additional toxicity. Targeting the antioxidant defence system opens new safe treatment combination opportunities with [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE improves the outcome of patients with somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-expressing neuroendocrine tumours. Nevertheless, stable disease has been the main response pattern observed, with some rare complete responses. Lu-177 exerts about two-thirds of its biological effects via the indirect effects of ionizing radiation that generate reactive oxygen species, eventually leading to oxidative damage and cell death. This provides a rationale for targeting the antioxidant defence system in combination with [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE. In the present study, the radiosensitizing potential and the safety of depleting glutathione (GSH) levels using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) during [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE therapy were assessed in vitro and in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. In vitro, the combination resulted in a synergistic effect in cell lines exhibiting a BSO-mediated GSH decrease. In vivo, BSO neither influenced [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE biodistribution nor induced liver, kidney or bone marrow toxicity. In terms of efficacy, the combination resulted in reduced tumour growth and metabolic activity. Our results showed that disturbing the cell redox balance using a GSH synthesis inhibitor increased [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE efficacy without additional toxicity. Targeting the antioxidant defence system opens new safe treatment combination opportunities with [sup.177] Lu-DOTATATE.

Astrocytes have specialized functions depending on their localization. This region-dependent heterogeneity of astrocytes shows marked difference in astroglial responses to various stimuli. In the hippocampus, the populations of astrocytes in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region (CA1 astrocytes) and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG astrocytes) have more complex structures than other regions. In the present study, we investigated whether oxidative stress induces distinct regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in CA1- and DG astrocytes, and which signaling pathways are relevant to these region-specific events in male rats. L-Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)-induced oxidative stress led to mitochondrial fission in DG astrocytes concomitant with increased leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) expression and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) S616 phosphorylation without altering AKT S473 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) S9 phosphorylation, which were inhibited by PHLPP1 siRNA and SC79 (an AKT activator). BSO increased AKT S473 and GSK3β S9 phosphorylation in CA1 astrocytes without affecting their mitochondrial length or PHLPP1 expression, which was attenuated by 3-chloroacetyl-indole (an AKT inhibitor). These findings suggest that PHLPP1 may facilitate mitochondrial fragmentation in response to oxidative stress through the AKT-GSK3β-DRP1 pathway in DG astrocytes, but not in CA1 astrocytes, highlighting the region-specific heterogeneity in astrocytes.

Hydrophobic fibrous slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) were fabricated by electrospinning polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polystyrene (PS) as a carrier polymer on plasma-treated polyethylene (PE) and polyurethane (PU) substrates. Subsequent infusion of blackseed oil (BSO) into the porous structures was applied for the preparation of the SLIPS. SLIPS with infused lubricants can act as a repellency layer and play an important role in the prevention of biofilm formation. The effect of polymer solutions used in the electrospinning process was investigated to obtain well-defined hydrophobic fibrous structures. The surface properties were analyzed through various optical, macroscopic and spectroscopic techniques. A comprehensive investigation of the surface chemistry, surface morphology/topography, and mechanical properties was carried out on selected samples at optimized conditions. The electrospun fibers prepared using a mixture of PDMS/PS in the ratio of 1:1:10 (g/g/mL) using tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent showed the best results in terms of fiber uniformity. The subsequent infusion of BSO into the fabricated PDMS/PS fiber mats exhibited slippery behavior regarding water droplets. Moreover, prepared SLIPS exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterium strains.

Goal-directed therapy based on brain-oxygen saturation (bSo2) is controversial and hotly debated. While meta-analyses of aggregated data have shown no clinical benefit for brain near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based interventions after cardiac surgery, no network meta-analyses involving both major cardiac and noncardiac procedures have yet been undertaken. Randomized controlled trials involving NIRS monitoring in both major cardiac and noncardiac surgery were included. Aggregate-level data summary estimates of critical outcomes (postoperative cognitive decline (POCD)/postoperative delirium (POD), acute kidney injury, cardiovascular events, bleeding/need for transfusion, and postoperative mortality) were obtained. NIRS was only associated with protection against POCD/POD in cardiac surgery patients (pooled odds ratio (OR)/95% confidence interval (CI)/I2/number of studies (n): 0.34/0.14–0.85/75%/7), although a favorable effect was observed in the analysis, including both cardiac and noncardiac procedures. However, the benefit of the use of NIRS monitoring was undetectable in Bayesian network meta-analysis, although maintaining bSo2 > 80% of the baseline appeared to have the most pronounced impact. Evidence was imprecise regarding acute kidney injury, cardiovascular events, bleeding/need for transfusion, and postoperative mortality. There is evidence that brain NIRS-based algorithms are effective in preventing POCD/POD in cardiac surgery, but not in major noncardiac surgery. However, the specific target bSo2 threshold has yet to be determined.