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\"Ten years after an attack on the US diplomatic mission in Benghazi killed Ambassador Christopher Stevens and three other Americans, cries of \"Benghazi!\" still echo across America. But instead of a landmark event to be taken seriously, it has become a punchline, an empty word, or a code for controversy and political theatre. In this thrilling retelling, Ethan Chorin reveals Benghazi as a watershed moment in American history, one that helped create the world America lives in today: polarized, fearful, and dangerously unstable. Here, Benghazi is not a story contained in 13 hours, but a decades-long history beginning with the rise of Muammar Gaddafi, stretching through 9/11, the War on Terror, and the Arab Spring, and reaching into the present day, as the impact of the attack and ensuing controversy remain visible in America and around the world. Chorin draws on his own bone-chilling experience during the Benghazi attack, his expertise as a former diplomat and scholar of Libyan history, and new interviews with Libyan insiders, eyewitnesses, and key players like Hillary Clinton and Ben Rhodes. With this ambitious, engaging narrative, Chorin makes clear why Benghazi still matters so much ten years later--and why we can't afford to continue overlooking and misunderstanding it. \"-- Provided by publisher.

Background: Participation in sports and games has been widely recognised as an important contributor to physical fitness, psychological well-being, and social development to university students. However, academic pressure often results in decreased time spent on physical activities for the student. In areas like Benghazi, Libya, few studies have been carried out to explore the level of participation and the perceived benefits of sports to students. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the degree of participation in sports and games and evaluate their perceived physical, mental, and social benefits by undergraduate students at the University of Benghazi. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out using a structured questionnaire among undergraduate students aged 18yrs at or above. The questionnaire gathered information about demographics, frequency of participation, type of sports activities, perceived benefits, sources of motivation, and barriers to participation. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: Among 220 respondents, 47.7% indicated that they participated regularly in sports (three or more times per week). Football (38.1%), walking or jogging (28.6%), and gym or fitness exercises (19.0%) were the most common ones. Students had high perceived benefits for physical fitness (89.5%), mental well-being, and social interaction. Male participation was clearly higher than female participation (62.3 vs. 30.5%). Major barriers were lack of time (65.5%) and lack of facilities (42.7%). Conclusion: Although students understand the physical, mental, and social benefits of sports, participation is moderate. Universities should have inclusive programs and enhance the facilities to ensure more involvement by the students. Antecedentes: Los deportes y los juegos se consideran importantes para mejorar la condición física, el bienestar psicológico y el desarrollo social de los estudiantes universitarios. Sin embargo, las exigencias académicas suelen reducir el tiempo disponible para realizar actividad física. En Libia, especialmente en universidades como la de Bengasi, los niveles de participación y los beneficios percibidos de estas actividades han sido poco estudiados. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de participación en deportes y juegos y analizar los beneficios percibidos en la condición física, el bienestar mental y el desarrollo social entre estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad de Bengasi. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante un cuestionario estructurado aplicado a estudiantes de pregrado mayores de 18 años. Se recogieron datos sobre características demográficas, frecuencia y tipo de participación, beneficios percibidos, fuentes de motivación y barreras. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas y pruebas de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: De los 220 participantes, el 47.7% practicaba deporte regularmente (≥3 veces por semana). El fútbol fue la actividad más común (38.1%), seguido de caminar o trotar (28.6%) y gimnasio (19.0%). Las principales barreras fueron la falta de tiempo (65.5%) y de instalaciones (42.7%). Conclusión: Aunque los estudiantes reconocen los beneficios del deporte, la participación sigue siendo moderada. Se recomienda que las universidades implementen programas inclusivos y mejoren las instalaciones para promover estilos de vida saludables. Contexto: Os desportos e os jogos são considerados importantes para melhorar o condicionamento físico, o bem-estar psicológico e o desenvolvimento social dos estudantes universitários. No entanto, as exigências académicas reduzem frequentemente o tempo disponível para atividades físicas. Na Líbia, especialmente em universidades como a Universidade de Benghazi, os níveis de participação e os benefícios percebidos destas actividades têm sido pouco estudados. Objectivo: Avaliar os níveis de participação em desportos e jogos e analisar os benefícios percebidos para o condicionamento físico, o bem-estar mental e o desenvolvimento social entre os estudantes de licenciatura da Universidade de Benghazi. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com recurso a um questionário estruturado aplicado a estudantes de licenciatura com mais de 18 anos de idade. Os dados recolhidos incluíram características demográficas, frequência e tipo de participação, benefícios percebidos, fontes de motivação e barreiras. Os dados foram analisados ​​utilizando estatística descritiva e testes de qui-quadrado. Resultados: Dos 220 participantes, 47,7% praticavam desporto regularmente (≥3 vezes por semana). O futebol foi a atividade mais comum (38,1%), seguida da caminhada ou corrida (28,6%) e da musculação (19,0%). As principais barreiras foram a falta de tempo (65,5%) e a falta de instalações (42,7%). Conclusão: Embora os estudantes reconheçam os benefícios do desporto, a participação continua a ser moderada. Recomenda-se que as universidades implementem programas inclusivos e melhorem as instalações para promover estilos de vida saudáveis.

Background The epidemiological and clinical aspects of human immunodeficiency virus subtypes are of great interest worldwide. These subtypes are rarely studied in North African countries. Libya is a large country with the longest coast on the Mediterranean Sea, facing the Southern European countries. Studies on the characterization of HIV-1 subtypes are limited in Libya. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of the HIV problem among the Libyan population and to better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV 1, as well as to correlate that with the risk factors involved. Methods A total of 159 HIV-1 strains were collected from 814 HIV positive patients from the four Libyan regions during a 16-year period (1995–2010). To determine the HIV-1 subtypes, genetic analysis and molecular sequencing were carried out using provirus polygene. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and correlated with HIV-1 subtypes using logistic regression. Results The overall prevalence of HIV among Libyans ranged from 5 to 10 per 100,000 during the study period. It was higher among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) (53.9%), blood recipients (25.9%) and heterosexuals (17.6%) than by vertical transmission (2.6%). Prevalence was higher among males aged 20–40 years (M:F 1:6, P  > 0.001). Among the 159 strains of HIV-1 available for typing, 117 strains (73.6%) were subtype B, 29 (18.2%) were CRF02_AG, and 13 (8.2%) were subtype A. HIV-1 subtype B was the most prevalent all over the country, and it was more prevalent in the Northern region, particularly among IVDUs ( P  < 0.001). GRF02_AG was common in the Eastern region, particularly among blood recipients while subtype A emerged in the Western region, particularly among IVDUs. Conclusions HIV-1 infection is emerging in Libya with a shifting prevalence of subtypes associated with the changing epidemiology of HIV-1 among risk groups. A genetic analysis of HIV-1 strains demonstrated low subtype heterogeneity with the evolution of subtype B, and CRF_20 AG, as well as HIV-1 subtype A. Our study highlights the importance of expanded surveillance programs to control HIV infection and the necessity of introducing public health strategies to target the risk groups, particularly IVDUs.

The objective of this study was to investigate and assess the influence of certain human resource management functions (human resources planning, recruitment and selection, and human resource training) on building a learning organization among employees in the general industrial organizations operating in the city of Benghazi. The study included all employees in the general industrial organizations in Benghazi, encompassing a total of (5959) employees. A random sample of (361) individuals was selected for the study. Data relating to the study's subject were gathered through a questionnaire. The data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Several statistical analyses were conducted, including frequency tables, means, and standard deviations. The impact was assessed through multiple regression analysis to explore the statistically significant influence of certain human resource management functions (human resource planning, recruitment and selection, and human resource training) on the construction of a learning organization in the industrial organizations under investigation. The study showed that the level of implementation and practice of these human resources functions among the employees in the studied industrial organizations is notably high, with an overall mean of (3.51), surpassing the average of the scale. This points to the importance of the role played by human resources in achieving excellence and success for these organizations. In conclusion, the study recommends that organizations pay greater attention to human resources management functions, particularly in the domain of human resources recruitment and selection. This involves appointing the most qualified human talents and implementing training programs to enhance the skills and capabilities of employees, fostering teamwork and team building.

Challenging the Eurocentric belief that abolitionism was a top-down process issued by colonial powers, this article explores the emergence of personal and group strategies for the emancipation of Black enslaved people in Libya. During the late Ottoman period, Italian antislavery activities operated in Libya and established a mission in Benghazi to host manumitted children referred to as ‘Moretti’ (‘little Moors’). The goal was to make these Moretti a group of local people close to the Catholic Church and the Italian government. The failures of the missionaries to accomplish these aims reveal the strategies and trajectories of Moretti as they negotiated their role in society, especially after Italian occupation in 1911. Historical sources reveal an informal web of solidarity using antislavery societies and creating forms of urban and social autonomy. This article details actions of solidarity among Black enslaved persons that took place in late Ottoman and Italian colonial Libya, which challenges Eurocentric antislavery narratives.

Al-Coeffiah karst terrain is located in Benghazi plain which is a part of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar anticlinorium, northeast Libya. The exposed stratigraphic sequence of the area is largely represented by the Middle Miocene limestone rocks of Benghazi Formation. The area is affected by abundant karstic features such as caves and giant dolines with many subsurface voids and canal networks which extends for several kilometers. This research is based on field observations combined with analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery of Al-Coeffiah karst terrain. The main aim is to assess potential geohazards provided by the karst features, including (i) rock failure, (ii) groundwater pollution, and (iii) geochemical processes. The potential geohazards have been found to lies in the large caves at shallow depths such as Al-Jebah, Habibi, Merisi, and Boukarmah doline-caves. In addition, there is a greater geohazard in fractured karst terrains which are created by dolines in soft sediments. Chemical and bacteriological analyses indicate that the groundwater pollution in Al-Coeffiah area and its surrounding regions is considered as one of the most serious problems largely due to the seepage of sewage water through karst phenomena particularly during the last 10 years.

Background Healthcare-associated infection is a serious global problem, particularly in developing countries. In North African countries, comprehensive research on the incidence and effects of such infections is rare. This study evaluated the epidemiology and determined the impact of healthcare-associated infections in Libyan national teaching hospitals. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was carried out in Libya’s four largest teaching and referral hospitals (Tripoli Medical Center, Tripoli-Central Hospital, Benghazi Medical Center, and Sabha Medical Center) from November 1, 2021, to October 31, 2022. The epidemiological events and the parameters incorporated in this study were based on the data published by the Libyan Centers for Disease Control. The surveillance was carried out on all patients admitted to the wards of medicine, surgery, intensive care, gynecology & obstetrics, and pediatrics in all four hospitals. Trained staff reviewed the medical records and compared the percentages of patients with healthcare-associated infections. Bio-statistical and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to test the variables associated with healthcare-associated infections and the resulting deaths. Results A total of 22,170 hospitalized patients in four hospitals were included in the study. Hospital-acquired infection was reported in 3037 patients (13.7%; 95% CI: 12.9–14.4%). The highest incidence was in Benghazi Medical Center (17.9%; 95% CI: 16.9–18.7%), followed by Sabha Medical Center (14.8%; 95% CI:14.9-16.51%). Surgical site infection was the most prevalent (31.3%), followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia (29.3%), urinary tract infection (26.8%), and bloodstream infection (12.6%). Patients with healthcare-associated infections experienced severe morbidity requiring intervention. New antimicrobial regimens were needed for 1836 patients (93%), and 752 patients (34%) required admission to intensive care. Surgical intervention, respiratory support, and inotropes were also needed as a consequence of HAI events. Conclusions The high incidence of healthcare-associated infections in Libyan hospitals should be considered a major problem and a serious burden. This should alert healthcare authorities at the national and hospital levels to the urgent need for preventive and control strategies to combat hospital-acquired infections.

Background There are a range of multifaceted behavioural and societal factors that combine to contribute to the causes of obesity. However, it is not yet known how particularly countries’ cultural norms are contributing to the global obesity epidemic. Despite obesity reaching epidemic proportions in Libya, since the discovery of oil in 1959, there is a lack of information about obesity in Libyan adults. This study sought to explore the views of key informants about the risk and protective factors associated with obesity among Libyan men and women. Methods A series of qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with Libyan healthcare professionals and community leaders. Results Eleven main themes (risk and protective factors) were identified, specifically: socio-demographic and biological factors, socioeconomic status, unhealthy eating behaviours, knowledge about obesity, social-cultural influences, Libya’s healthcare facilities, physical activity and the effect of the neighbourhood environment, sedentary behaviour, Libyan food-subsidy policy, and suggestions for preventing and controlling obesity. Conclusions Key recommendations are that an electronic health information system needs to be implemented and awareness about obesity and its causes and consequences needs to be raised among the public in order to dispel the many myths and misconceptions held by Libyans about obesity. The current political instability within Libya is contributing to a less-active lifestyle for the population due to security concerns and the impact of curfews. Our findings have implications for Libyan health policy and highlight the urgent need for action towards mitigating against the obesity epidemic in Libya.

Trivial use of antibiotics is a major reason for the spread of antibiotics resistance. The aim behind undertaking this investigation was to study the prevalence antibiotics self-medication among university students in Benghazi city. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional, survey was conducted at both Libyan International Medical University and Benghazi University. A total of 665 copies of questionnaires was distributed. A total of 363 forms were completed and returned (response rate 55%). Remaining responses were either with no antibiotics use history within the past 1 year or were provided incomplete. Among the respondents, 45% were males and 55% females. Males practiced self-medication more compared to females. Approximately, 43% and 46% from medical and nonmedical students, respectively, were antibiotics self-medicated. A total of 153 students (42%) out of total respondents administered antibiotics for symptoms related to respiratory problems, among which 74 students (48%) took antibiotics based on doctor's prescription. Among the respondents, 94 students (27%) who had antibiotics, were covered under medical insurance, and 19 (29%) of the medically insured students had antibiotics without doctor's prescription. About 14% of students did not complete their antibiotics course. Of these, 57% were medical students, and 43% were nonmedical students. The rate of self-medication among higher classes was more as compared to lower classes. About 58% of students overdosed the antibiotic, while 15% had antibiotics for <3 days, for treatment of ailments such as acne, toothache, diarrhea, earache, and tonsillitis. About 75% of students purchased the antibiotics in consultation with a pharmacist. Self-medication is a frequent problem among university students in Benghazi city. There is a need for an immediate intervention to address this malpractice among both students and medical practitioners.

The safety of diplomats has animated recent public and political debates. As diplomatic personnel are increasingly targeted by terrorism and political violence while overseas, sending states are augmenting host nations' security measures with their own. Protective arrangements range from deploying military, police, and private security guards to relocating embassies to suburban compounds. Yet, reinforced security may also hamper effective diplomacy and international relations. Scholars and practitioners from around the world bring to light a large body of empirical information available for the first time in Diplomatic Security. This book explores the global contexts and consequences of keeping embassies and their personnel safe.The essays in this volume offer case studies that illustrate the different arrangements in the U.S., China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Israel, and Russia. Considering the historical and legal contexts, authors examine how states protect their diplomats abroad, what drives changes in existing protective arrangements, and how such measures affect the safety of diplomats and the institution of diplomacy. Diplomatic Security not only reveals how a wide variety of states handle security needs but also illuminates the broader theoretical and policy implications for the study of diplomacy and security alike.