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"CAMBIO CLIMATICO"
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Climate Change and Financial Instability: Risk Disclosure and the Problematics of Neoliberal Governance
2017
In recent years, climate change has increasingly come to be seen as one of the principal threats to future global financial stability. This article identifies and critiques the emerging consensus among international financial regulators as to how this threat-the key perceived components of which are also delineated-can best be managed. It shows that the preferred approach mirrors hegemonic postfinancial crisis regulatory practice vis-à-vis financial stability risk more generically: prioritization of market discipline underpinned by risk disclosure. The article characterizes this approach as a quintessentially neoliberal modality of governance. It also argues that insofar as this approach relies on financial market workings and financial institutional behaviors explicitly belied by the financial crisis, it risks precisely the type of \"climate Minsky moment\" regulators aim to avoid.
Journal Article
Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation
2012
This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SREX) explores the challenge of understanding and managing the risks of climate extremes to advance climate change adaptation. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters. Changes in the frequency and severity of the physical events affect disaster risk, but so do the spatially diverse and temporally dynamic patterns of exposure and vulnerability. Some types of extreme weather and climate events have increased in frequency or magnitude, but populations and assets at risk have also increased, with consequences for disaster risk. Opportunities for managing risks of weather- and climate-related disasters exist or can be developed at any scale, local to international. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, SREX is an invaluable assessment for anyone interested in climate extremes, environmental disasters and adaptation to climate change, including policymakers, the private sector and academic researchers.
Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
by
Lawler, Joshua J.
,
Roberts, David R.
,
Carroll, Carlos
in
adaptación al cambio climático
,
altitude
,
Analogs
2018
As evidenced by past climatic refugia, locations projected to harbor remnants of present-day climates may serve as critical refugia for current biodiversity in the face of modem climate change. We mapped potential climatic refugia in the future across North America, defined as locations with increasingly rare climatic conditions. We identified these locations by trackingprojected changes in the size and distribution of climate analogs over time. We used biologically derived thresholds to define analogs and tested the impacts of dispersal limitation with 4 distances to limit analog searches. We identified at most 12% of North America as potential climatic refugia. Refugia extent varied depending on the analog threshold, dispersal distance, and climate projection. However, in all cases refugia were concentrated at high elevations and in topographically complex regions. Refugia identified using different climate projections were largely nested, suggesting that identified refugia were relatively robust to climate-projection selection. Existing conservation areas cover approximately 10% of North America and yet protected up to 25% of identified refugia, indicating that protected areas disproportionately include refugia. Refugia located at lower latitudes (≤40°N) and slightly lower elevations (approximately 2500 m ) were more likely to be unprotected. Based on our results, a 23% expansion of the protected-area network would be sufficient to protect the refugia present under all 3 climate projections we explored. We believe these refugia are high conservation priorities due to their potential to harbor rare species in the future. However, these locations are simultaneously highly vulnerable to climate change over the long term. These refugia contracted substantially between the 2050s and the 2080s, which supports the idea that the pace of climate change will strongly determine the availability and effectiveness of refugia for protecting today's biodiversity. Los refugios climáticos pasados han evidenciado que las localidades proyectadas para albergar remanentes de los climas actuales pueden fungir como refugios importantes para la biodiversidad contemporánea de frente al cambio climático actual. Mapeamos los refugios climáticos potenciales en el futuro a lo largo de América del Norte, definidos como localidades con condiciones climáticas cada vez más raras. Identificamos estas localidades rastreando los cambios proyectados en el tamaño y distribución de los análogos climáticos en el transcurso del tiempo. Usamos umbrales derivados biológicamente para definir estos análogos y probamos los impactos de la limitación de la dispersión con cuatro distancias para limitar las búsquedas análogas. Identificamos, cuando mucho, el 12% de América del Norte como refugios climáticos potenciales. La extensión de los refugios varió dependiendo del umbral análogo, la distancia de dispersión y la proyección climática. Sin embargo, los refugios estuvieron concentrados en elevaciones altas y en regiones complejas topográficamente en todos los casos. Los refugios que fueron identificados usando diferentes proyecciones climáticas estuvieron anidados en general, lo que sugiere que estos refugios identificados fueron relativamente sólidos con respecto a la selección de proyección climática. Las áreas de conservación existentes cubren aproximadamente el 10% de América del Norte y aun así protegieron hasta el 25% de los refugios identificados, lo que indica que las áreas protegidas incluyen desproporcionada mente refugios climáticos. Los refugios localizados a latitudes menores (≤40°N) y a elevaciones ligeramente menores (aproximadamente 2500 m) tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de no estar protegidos. Con base en nuestros resultados, una expansión del 23% de la red de áreas protegidas debería ser suficiente para proteger los refugios presentes en las tresproyecciones climáticas que exploramos. Creemos que estos refugios climáticos son de prioridad alta para la conservación debido a su potencial para albergar especies raras en el futuro. Sin embargo, estas localidades también son altamente vulnerables al cambio climático a largo plazo. Estos refugios se redujeron sustancialmente entre las décadas de 2050 y 2080, lo que refuerza la idea de que el paso del cambio climático determinará con fuerza la disponibilidad y efectividad de los refugios climáticos para proteger a la biodiversidad contemporánea. 过去的气候庇护所数据可以证明,在现代气候变化的情况下,那些 被预测可以保留残存物种的地区可能是当前生物多祥性的重要庇护所。我们绘制了北美地区未来潜在的气候庇 护所地图, 对气候庇护所的定义是那些罕见气候条件日益増加的地区, 我们主要是通过追踪相似气候在大小和分 布上随时间的预计变化确定了这些地区。我们用生物学的临界值来定义相似气候,并通过分析四种、不同扩散距 离限制的影响来限定对相似气候的搜寻范围。本研究发现北美洲至多有12%的地区是潜在气候庇护所。庇护所 的范围随相似气候的临界值.、扩散距离和气候预测模型而变化。然而,在所有案例中,庇护所都集中在那些海 拔高、地形复杂的地区。用不同气候预测模型确定的庇护所很大程度上是相互嵌套的,这表明它们对气候预测 模型的选择相对稳健。目前,现有的保护地覆盖了北美约10%的地区,保护着髙达25%经确定的庇护所,这说明 保护地不成比例地囊括了庇护所, 而那些位于低纬度地区 (≤40°N) 和较低海拔(约2500米)的庇护所更有可能 仍未受到保护。根据我们的结果,保护地网络扩大23% 就足以保护我们分析的三种气候预测模型下存在的庇护 所。我们相信这些庇护所应得到优先保护, 因为它们有潜力在未来为珍稀物种提供栖息地。然而,从长期来看,这些地区同时非常容易受到气候变化的影响。它们可能在21世纪50到80年代大幅度縮小,这支持了气候变化的 速度将大大影响庇护所对于保护当前生物多祥性的可用性及有效性的观点。
Journal Article
Effects of temperature and precipitation on grassland bird nesting success as mediated by patch size
by
McCauley, Lisa A.
,
Zuckerberg, Benjamin
,
Ribic, Christine A.
in
adaptación al cambio climático
,
Agricultural land
,
Animal breeding
2018
Grassland birds are declining faster than any other bird guild across North America. Shrinking ranges and population declines are attributed to widespread habitat loss and increasingly fragmented landscapes of agriculture and other land uses that are misaligned with grassland bird conservation. Concurrent with habitat loss and degradation, temperate grasslands have been disproportionally affected by climate change relative to most other terrestrial biomes. Distributions of grassland birds often correlate with gradients in climate, but few researchers have explored the consequences of weather on the demography of grassland birds inhabiting a range of grasslandfragments. To do so, we modeled the effects of temperature and precipitation on nesting success rates of 12 grassland bird species inhabiting a range of grassland patches across North America (21,000 nests from 81 individual studies). Higher amounts of precipitation in the preceding year were associated with higher nesting success, but wetter conditions during the active breeding season reduced nesting success. Extremely cold or hot conditions during the early breeding season were associated with lower rates of nesting success. The direct and indirect influence of temperature and precipitation on nesting success was moderated by grassland patch size. The positive effects of precipitation in the preceding year on nesting success were strongest in relatively small grassland patches and had little effect in large patches. Conversely, warm temperatures reduced nesting success in small grassland patches but increased nesting success in large patches. Mechanisms underlying these differences may be patch-size-induced variation in microclimates and predator activity. Although the exact cause is unclear, large grassland patches, the most common metric of grassland conservation, appears to moderate the effects of weather on grassland-bird demography and could be an effective component of climate-change adaptation. Las aves de pastizal están declinando más rápido que cualquier otro grupo de aves en América del Norte. La reducción en tamaño de sus extensiones y las declinaciones poblacionales son atribuibles a la extensa pérdida del hábitat y paisajes cada vez más fragmentados por la agricultura y otros usos de suelo que no están alineados con la conservación de las aves de pastizal Simultáneo a la pérdida del hábitat y a la degradación, los pastizales templados han estado afectados desproporcionadamente por el cambio climático en relación a la mayoría de los biomas terrestres. La distribución de las aves de pastizal casi siempre está correlacionada con gradientes climáticos,pero pocos investigadores han explorado las consecuencias del clima sobre la demografía de las aves de pastizal que habitan una extensión de fragmentos de pastizales. Para hacer esto,modelamos los efectos de la temperatura y la precipitación sobre las tasas de éxito de anidación de doce especies de aves de pastizal que habitan fragmentos de pastizales a lo largo de América del Norte (21,000 nidos a partir de 81 estudios individuales). Una mayor cantidad de precipitación en el año anterior estuvo asociada con un éxito de anidación mayor, pero las condiciones más húmedas durante la temporada de reproducción activa redujeron el éxito de anidación. Las condiciones extremas de frío o calor durante la temporada temprana de reproducción estuvieron asociadas con tasas más bajas de éxito de anidación. La influencia directa e indirecta de la temperatura y la precipitación sobre el éxito de anidación fue moderada por el tamaño del fragmento de pastizal Los efectos positivos de la precipitación en el año previo sobre el éxito de anidación fueron mayores en fragmentos de pastizal relativamente pequeños y tuvieron pocos efectos en los fragmentos grandes. Contrariamente, las temperaturas cálidas redujeron el éxito de anidación en fragmentos pequeños de pastizal pero incrementaron el éxito de anidación en los fragmentos grandes. Los mecanismos subyacentes a estas diferencias pueden ser la variación inducida por el tamaño del fragmento en los microclimas y la actividad de depredadores. Aunque la causa exacta no está clara,los fragmentos grandes de pastizal,la medida más común en la conservación de los pastizales,parecen moderar los efectos del clima sobre la demografía de las aves de pastizal y podrían ser un componente efectivo de la adaptación al cambio climático. 在北美洲,草原鸟类是所有鸟类集団中下降最快的。这些鸟类分布区縮小和种群下降可以归咎于大范围 的生境丧失,以及农业和其它与草原鸟类保护不相容的土地利用类型的破碎化景观的逐步增加有关。伴随着生 境丧失和退化,温带草原相比于其它大多数陆地生物群落,受气候变化的影响尤为严峻。草原鸟类的分布常常 与气候的梯度相关,但气候对栖息在草原破碎化斑块上的鸟类种群统计学的影响却少有报道。为了探究这ー点,我//フ建立了温度和降水量对北美洲12种栖息在不同草原斑块的草原鸟类筑巢成功率(包括8 1 个独立研究中 21,000个巢) 影响的模型。上一年度较多的降水量与更髙的筑巢成功率相关,但在活跃的繁殖季节,环境潮湿 则会降低筑巢成功率。繁殖季早期极端寒冷或炎热的条件与较低的筑巢成功率相关。温度与降水对筑巢成功率 直接和间接的影响还受到草原斑块大小的调控。上一年度的降水量对筑巢成功率的正面影响在相对较小的草原 斑块上最为明显,而在较大的斑块上作用很弱。相反地,温暖的气温在较小的草原斑块上会使筑巢成功率降低,而在大斑块上则使其提高。这些差异背后的机制可能是斑块大小诱导的微气候和捕食者活动的变化。尽管确切 的原因尚不清楚,目前看来,草原保护最常用的指标一大的草原斑块,不仅可以介导气候对草原鸟类种群统计 学的影响,还能有效地参与鸟类对气候变化的适应。
Journal Article
Climate readiness of recovery plans for threatened Australian species
by
Hoeppner, Johanne Malin
,
Hughes, Lesley
in
adaptación al cambio climático
,
Adaptation
,
Animals
2019
The rapidly changing climate is posing growing threats for all species, but particularly for those already considered threatened. We reviewed 100 recovery plans for Australian terrestrial threatened species (50 fauna and 50 flora plans) written from 1997 to 2017. We recorded the number of plans that acknowledged climate change as a threat and of these how many proposed specific actions to ameliorate the threat. We classified these actions along a continuum from passive or incremental to active or interventionist. Overall, just under 60% of the sampled recovery plans listed climate change as a current or potential threat to the threatened taxa, and the likelihood of this acknowledgment increased over time. A far smaller proportion of the plans, however, identified specific actions associated with ameliorating climate risk (22%) and even fewer (9%) recommended any interventionist action in response to a climate-change-associated threat. Our results point to a disconnect between the knowledge generated on climate-change-related risk and potential adaptation strategies and the extent to which this knowledge has been incorporated into an important instrument of conservation action.
El clima rápidamente cambiante representa amenazas crecientes para todas las especies, pero más en particular para aquellas que ya se consideran como especies amenazadas. Revisamos 100 planes de recuperación para especies terrestres amenazadas de Australia (50 especies de fauna y 50 de flora) escritos entre 1997 y 2017. Registramos el número de planes que reconocían al cambio climático como una amenaza y cuántos de estos proponían acciones específicas para aminorar la amenaza. Clasificamos estas acciones en un continuo que abarcó desde acciones pasivas o incrementales hasta acciones activas o intervencionistas. En general, sólo un número menor al 60% de los planes de recuperación muestreados enlistaron al cambio climático como una amenaza actual o potencial para el taxón amenazado, y la probabilidad de este reconocimiento incrementó con el paso del tiempo. Sin embargo, una proporción mucho menor de los planes identificó acciones específicas asociadas con la reducción del riesgo climático (22%) y una fracción todavía menor (9%) recomendó una acción intervencionista como respuesta a las amenazas asociadas al cambio climótico. Nuestros resultados evidencían una desconexión entre el conocimiento generado sobre el riesgo relacionado con el cambio climático y las estrategias potenciales de adaptación y la extensión a la que este conocimiento se ha incorporado dentro de un instrumento importante para las acciones de conservación.
气候的快速变化对物种的威胁与日倶增,特別对那些目前已经受胁迫的物种。我们评估了 1997 年到 2017 年间 100 个澳大利亚陆生受胁迫物种的恢复计划 (50 个动物区系和 50 个植物区系)。我们记录了有多 少恢复计划认为气候变化造成了威胁,其中又有多少计划提出了具体行动来减缓这ー威胁。我们将这些行动按 照从被动或渐进式到主动或干预式的连续变化进行了划分。总体上,本研究中不到 60% 的恢复计划认为气候变 化是受胁迫类群目前正在面临的或潜在的威胁,且随着时间推移有越来越多的恢复计划提到了这一点。然而,只 有小部分计划为减缓气候危机制定了具体的相关行动 (22%), 建议采取干预措施来响应气候变化相关威胁的计 划则更少 (9%) o 我们的研究結果表明,在关于气候变化危机及其可能的适应策略方面的知识,与这些知识在多 大程度上被用于保护行动的重要手段之间存在着脫节。
Journal Article
Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI): Phenotyping of a Core Germplasm Collection of the Tropical Forage Grass Megathyrsus maximus Under Greenhouse Conditions
by
Nuñez, Jonathan
,
De Vega, Jose
,
Subbarao, Guntur
in
Agricultural production
,
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
,
Biomass
2020
Modern intensively managed pastures that receive large external nitrogen (N) inputs account for high N losses in form of nitrate (NO3–) leaching and emissions of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The natural plant capacity to shape the soil N cycle through exudation of organic compounds can be exploited to favor N retention without affecting productivity. In this study, we estimated the relationship between biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), N2O emissions and plant productivity for 119 germplasm accessions of Guineagrass ( Megathyrsus maximus ), an important tropical forage crop for livestock production. This relation was tested in a greenhouse experiment measuring BNI as (i) rates of soil nitrification; (ii) abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA); and (iii) the capacity of root tissue extracts to inhibit nitrification in vitro . We then measured N2O emissions, aboveground biomass and forage nutrition quality parameters. Reductions on nitrification activity ranging between 30 and 70% were found across the germplasm collection of M. maximus . Accessions with low nitrification rates showed a lower abundance of AOB as well as a reduction in N2O emissions compared to accessions of high nitrification rates. The BNI capacity was not correlated to N uptake of plants, suggesting that there may be intraspecific variation in the exploitation of different N sources in this grass species. A group of accessions (cluster) with the most desirable agronomic and environmental traits among the collection was identified for further field validation. These results provide evidence of the ability of M. maximus to suppress soil nitrification and N2O emissions and their relationship with productivity and forage quality, pointing a way to develop N conservative improved forage grasses for tropical livestock production.
Journal Article
Unravelling local adaptive capacity to climate change in the Bolivian Amazon: the interlinkages between assets, conservation and markets
by
Ruiz-Mallén, Isabel
,
Fernández-Llamazares, Álvaro
,
Reyes-García, Victoria
in
adaptació
,
adaptación
,
Adaptation
2017
This paper examines household adaptive capacity to deal with climatic change among the Tsimane’, an indigenous society of the Bolivian Amazon, and explores how exposure to conservation policies and access to markets shape such capacity. We surveyed Tsimane’ adults (77 men and 34 women) living in four communities with different accessibility to the regional markets. The four communities were located in indigenous territories, but two of them overlapped with a co-managed biosphere reserve. We compared households’ capacity for adaptation through indicators of access to social, financial and natural assets, entrepreneurial skills and human resources. We also assessed how conservation and markets condition such capacity. Our results show that, across communities, households clustered in four groups with differentiated adaptive capacity profiles:
commoners
typically participating in community meetings,
vulnerable
characterized by low shares of adaptive capacity indicators,
leaders
typically holding community positions, and
subsidized
mostly relying in government remittances. Overlap with the biosphere reserve was significantly associated with the adaptive capacity profile of
vulnerable
households. In contrast, access to markets does not seem to be related to household adaptive capacity. We discuss relevant behavioral and structural factors for current adaptation to climatic changes and priority measures to foster local adaptive capacity in indigenous territories overlapping with protected areas.
Journal Article
Action plans to combat sea level rise: how plans can accentuate climate injustices
by
Engel de Alvarez, Cristina
,
Amado, Miguel
,
Uliana Pellegrini, Izabela
in
Action
,
Adaptación al cambio climático
,
Adaptation
2024
The rise in sea levels associated with climate change may have consequences for coastal cities, which need to adapt to minimize their vulnerabilities. It is observed that in some locations, the rise of the oceans is already felt, so adaptation strategies are already being employed. Therefore, the objective of the research is to carry out a documentary review of the climate action plans of cities participating in C40 Cities that may face the consequences of rising sea levels. The methodology used consisted of choosing the cities to be studied, reading and analyzing their action plans, systematizing their content and analyzing the data obtained. The results indicate that there is a difference between the profile of cities that are already prepared to face rising sea levels and those in which effective measures have not yet been taken, especially when comparing the Global North and South. With this, it was concluded that climate change could accentuate the differences between cities in the North – which appears to be more prepared – and the Global South – which may have its vulnerabilities even more accentuated. El aumento del nivel del mar asociado al cambio climático puede tener consecuencias para las ciudades costeras, que deben adaptarse para minimizar sus vulnerabilidades. Se observa que en algunas localidades ya se siente el aumento de los océanos, exigiendo que sean empleadas estrategias de adaptación. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión documental de los planes de acción climática de las ciudades participantes en C40 Cities que pueden enfrentar las consecuencias del aumento del nivel del mar, identificando posibles injusticias climáticas. La metodología utilizada consistió en elegir las ciudades a estudiar, leer y analizar sus planes de acción, sistematizar su contenido y analizar los datos obtenidos. Los resultados indican que existe una diferencia entre el perfil de las ciudades que ya están preparadas para enfrentar el aumento del nivel del mar y aquellas en las que aún no se han tomado medidas efectivas, especialmente si se compara el Norte y el Sur Global. Con esto, se concluyó que el cambio climático podría acentuar las diferencias entre las ciudades del Norte —que parece estar más preparada— y el Sur Global, que puede tener sus vulnerabilidades aún más acentuadas. La montée du niveau de la mer résultant du changement climatique devrait avoir des conséquences sur les villes côtières, qui doivent s'adapter pour minimiser leurs vulnérabilités. On observe qu’à certains endroits, la montée des océans se fait déjà sentir, de sorte que des stratégies d’adaptation sont déjà mises en œuvre. L’objectif de la recherche était donc de réaliser une revue documentaire des plans d’action climat des villes participant au C40 Villes qui doivent faire face aux conséquences de l’élévation du niveau de la mer. La méthodologie utilisée a consisté à choisir les villes à étudier, à lire et analyser leurs plans d'action, à systématiser leur contenu et à analyser les données obtenues. Les résultats indiquent qu’il existe une différence entre le profil des villes déjà préparées à faire face à la montée du niveau de la mer et celles dans lesquelles des mesures efficaces n’ont pas encore été prises, notamment si l’on compare le Nord et le Sud de la planète. Il a ainsi été conclu que le changement climatique pourrait accentuer les différences entre les villes du Nord – qui semblent mieux préparées – et celles du Sud – dont les vulnérabilités pourraient être encore plus accentuées. O aumento do nível do mar associado às mudanças climáticas pode gerar consequências para as cidades costeiras, que necessitam de se adaptar para minimizar as suas vulnerabilidades. Observa-se que em algumas localidades, a elevação dos oceanos já é sentida, de modo que estratégias de adaptação já estão sendo empregadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em realizar uma revisão documental nos planos de ação climática das cidades participantes do C40 Cities que podem enfrentar as consequências do aumento do nível do mar. A metodologia empregada consistiu na escolha das cidades objeto de estudo, leitura e análise de seus planos de ação, sistematização dos seus conteúdos e análise dos dados obtidos. Os resultados indicam que há uma diferença entre o perfil das cidades que já se encontram preparadas para enfrentar o aumento do nível do mar e aquelas em que ainda não foram tomadas medidas efetivas, especialmente na comparação entre o Norte e o Sul Global. Com isso, concluiu-se que as mudanças climáticas podem acentuar as diferenças entre as cidades do Norte – que se demonstra mais preparado – e do Sul Global – que pode ter suas vulnerabilidades ainda mais acentuadas.
Journal Article
El cambio climático y sus implicaciones en la salud humana
2017
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, a través de la revisión de literatura, los efectos del cambio climático sobre la salud de las personas. Para ello se hizo una revisión de la documentación científica publicada sobre los efectos del cambio climático en la salud humana y se señalan algunos de los efectos que los fenómenos secundarios al cambio climático, tales como las temperaturas extremas, las olas de calor, los cambios en la calidad del aire o del agua tienen sobre la morbimortalidad de la población. Una de las conclusiones del estudio es que los fenómenos secundarios al cambio climático tienen efectos directos e indirectos sobre la salud humana, lo que hace que las repercusiones sean diversas y se solapen unas con otras, al tiempo que algunas serán difícilmente reversibles en años o decenios.
Journal Article
International trade and climate change : economic, legal, and institutional perspectives
2008,2007
Climate change remains a global challenge requiring international collaborative action. Another area where countries have successfully committed to a long-term multilateral resolution is the liberalization of international trade. Integration into the world economy has proven a powerful means for countries to promote economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. The broad objectives of the betterment of current and future human welfare are shared by both global trade and climate regimes. Yet both climate and trade agendas have evolved largely independently through the years, despite their mutually supporting objectives. Since global emission goals and global trade objectives are shared policy objectives of most countries, and nearly all of the World Bank's clients, it makes sense to consider the two sets of objectives together. This book is one of the first comprehensive attempts to look at the synergies between climate change and trade objectives from economic, legal, and institutional perspectives. It addresses an important policy question - how changes in trade policies and international cooperation on trade policies can help address global environmental spillovers, especially GHG emissions, and what the (potential) effects of (national) environmental policies that are aimed at global environmental problems might be for trade and investment. It explores opportunities for aligning development and energy policies in such a way that they could stimulate production, trade, and investment in cleaner technology options.