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Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
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Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
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Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America

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Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America
Journal Article

Distribution and protection of climatic refugia in North America

2018
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Overview
As evidenced by past climatic refugia, locations projected to harbor remnants of present-day climates may serve as critical refugia for current biodiversity in the face of modem climate change. We mapped potential climatic refugia in the future across North America, defined as locations with increasingly rare climatic conditions. We identified these locations by trackingprojected changes in the size and distribution of climate analogs over time. We used biologically derived thresholds to define analogs and tested the impacts of dispersal limitation with 4 distances to limit analog searches. We identified at most 12% of North America as potential climatic refugia. Refugia extent varied depending on the analog threshold, dispersal distance, and climate projection. However, in all cases refugia were concentrated at high elevations and in topographically complex regions. Refugia identified using different climate projections were largely nested, suggesting that identified refugia were relatively robust to climate-projection selection. Existing conservation areas cover approximately 10% of North America and yet protected up to 25% of identified refugia, indicating that protected areas disproportionately include refugia. Refugia located at lower latitudes (≤40°N) and slightly lower elevations (approximately 2500 m ) were more likely to be unprotected. Based on our results, a 23% expansion of the protected-area network would be sufficient to protect the refugia present under all 3 climate projections we explored. We believe these refugia are high conservation priorities due to their potential to harbor rare species in the future. However, these locations are simultaneously highly vulnerable to climate change over the long term. These refugia contracted substantially between the 2050s and the 2080s, which supports the idea that the pace of climate change will strongly determine the availability and effectiveness of refugia for protecting today's biodiversity. Los refugios climáticos pasados han evidenciado que las localidades proyectadas para albergar remanentes de los climas actuales pueden fungir como refugios importantes para la biodiversidad contemporánea de frente al cambio climático actual. Mapeamos los refugios climáticos potenciales en el futuro a lo largo de América del Norte, definidos como localidades con condiciones climáticas cada vez más raras. Identificamos estas localidades rastreando los cambios proyectados en el tamaño y distribución de los análogos climáticos en el transcurso del tiempo. Usamos umbrales derivados biológicamente para definir estos análogos y probamos los impactos de la limitación de la dispersión con cuatro distancias para limitar las búsquedas análogas. Identificamos, cuando mucho, el 12% de América del Norte como refugios climáticos potenciales. La extensión de los refugios varió dependiendo del umbral análogo, la distancia de dispersión y la proyección climática. Sin embargo, los refugios estuvieron concentrados en elevaciones altas y en regiones complejas topográficamente en todos los casos. Los refugios que fueron identificados usando diferentes proyecciones climáticas estuvieron anidados en general, lo que sugiere que estos refugios identificados fueron relativamente sólidos con respecto a la selección de proyección climática. Las áreas de conservación existentes cubren aproximadamente el 10% de América del Norte y aun así protegieron hasta el 25% de los refugios identificados, lo que indica que las áreas protegidas incluyen desproporcionada mente refugios climáticos. Los refugios localizados a latitudes menores (≤40°N) y a elevaciones ligeramente menores (aproximadamente 2500 m) tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de no estar protegidos. Con base en nuestros resultados, una expansión del 23% de la red de áreas protegidas debería ser suficiente para proteger los refugios presentes en las tresproyecciones climáticas que exploramos. Creemos que estos refugios climáticos son de prioridad alta para la conservación debido a su potencial para albergar especies raras en el futuro. Sin embargo, estas localidades también son altamente vulnerables al cambio climático a largo plazo. Estos refugios se redujeron sustancialmente entre las décadas de 2050 y 2080, lo que refuerza la idea de que el paso del cambio climático determinará con fuerza la disponibilidad y efectividad de los refugios climáticos para proteger a la biodiversidad contemporánea. 过去的气候庇护所数据可以证明,在现代气候变化的情况下,那些 被预测可以保留残存物种的地区可能是当前生物多祥性的重要庇护所。我们绘制了北美地区未来潜在的气候庇 护所地图, 对气候庇护所的定义是那些罕见气候条件日益増加的地区, 我们主要是通过追踪相似气候在大小和分 布上随时间的预计变化确定了这些地区。我们用生物学的临界值来定义相似气候,并通过分析四种、不同扩散距 离限制的影响来限定对相似气候的搜寻范围。本研究发现北美洲至多有12%的地区是潜在气候庇护所。庇护所 的范围随相似气候的临界值.、扩散距离和气候预测模型而变化。然而,在所有案例中,庇护所都集中在那些海 拔高、地形复杂的地区。用不同气候预测模型确定的庇护所很大程度上是相互嵌套的,这表明它们对气候预测 模型的选择相对稳健。目前,现有的保护地覆盖了北美约10%的地区,保护着髙达25%经确定的庇护所,这说明 保护地不成比例地囊括了庇护所, 而那些位于低纬度地区 (≤40°N) 和较低海拔(约2500米)的庇护所更有可能 仍未受到保护。根据我们的结果,保护地网络扩大23% 就足以保护我们分析的三种气候预测模型下存在的庇护 所。我们相信这些庇护所应得到优先保护, 因为它们有潜力在未来为珍稀物种提供栖息地。然而,从长期来看,这些地区同时非常容易受到气候变化的影响。它们可能在21世纪50到80年代大幅度縮小,这支持了气候变化的 速度将大大影响庇护所对于保护当前生物多祥性的可用性及有效性的观点。