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Although vector control has proven highly effective in preventing disease transmission, it is not being used to its full potential, thereby depriving disadvantaged populations of the benefits of well tried and tested methods. Following the discovery of synthetic residual insecticides in the 1940s, large-scale programmes succeeded in bringing many of the important vector-borne diseases under control. By the late 1960s, most vector-borne diseases--with the exception of malaria in Africa--were no longer considered to be of primary public health importance. The result was that control programmes lapsed, resources dwindled, and specialists in vector control disappeared from public health units. Within two decades, many important vector-borne diseases had re-emerged or spread to new areas. The time has come to restore vector control to its key role in the prevention of disease transmission, albeit with an increased emphasis on multiple measures, whether pesticide-based or involving environmental modification, and with a strengthened managerial and operational capacity. Integrated vector management provides a sound conceptual framework for deployment of cost-effective and sustainable methods of vector control. This approach allows for full consideration of the complex determinants of disease transmission, including local disease ecology, the role of human activity in increasing risks of disease transmission, and the socioeconomic conditions of affected communities.

Neoseiulus californicus es un depredador de Tetranychus urticae en cultivos comerciales de rosa. Sin embargo, en este cultivo se aplican agroquímicos que no permiten usarlo como controlador. Debido a que no existe un protocolo para evaluar la compatibilidad de ácaros depredadores con productos químicos y a que es necesario definir cuáles de estos productos podrían emplearse en controles fitosanitarios sin afectar al depredador, el presente trabajo buscó determinar una metodología para evaluar la compatibilidad de algunos de estos agroquímicos con adultos del depredador. Para ello se estandarizó tanto la aplicación de los productos como sus métodos de aspersión (superficie tratada y aspersión directa), e igualmente se estableció la planta sustrato más recomendable para su evaluación. Finalmente, se determinó la compatibilidad de algunos productos químicos con los ácaros depredadores. Se encontró que la especie más apropiada para los ensayos es la rosa, y que la distancia ideal de aspersión es de 1 m, con tres pases de aplicación del producto. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los métodos de aspersión (P = 0,15222). Por último, se determinó que metomil (0,5 g L-1) no es compatible con N. californicus, mientras que los productos procloraz (0,6 cm3 L-1), bupirimato (1,0 g L-1) y bifenazate (0,3 g L-1) sí lo son (mortalidad promedio±SE: 17±3%), por lo que se recomienda el empleo de estos últimos junto con el depredador en el manejo del cultivo. Palabras clave: cultivo de ornamentales, aspersión de plaguicidas, ácaros depredadores, manejo integrado de plagas Neoseiulus californicus is a predator of Tetranychus urticae in commercial rose crops, which, however, receive agrochemical applications that prevent the use of the insect as a biological controller. Given the need to define the chemical agents that can be used in phytosanitary controls without affecting the predator, the present research study sought to define a methodology to determine the compatibility of a series of agrochemicals with the adults of N. californicus. For this purpose, we established both the application mode of the products and the spraying methods (direct application and treated surface); the adequate substrate plant species for the bioassay; and the compatibility of the chemical products with the predator. The substrate plant was observed to be the rose, sprayed at a 1 m distance in three applications of the product. No significant differences were detected between the two spraying methods (P = 0.15222). While methomyl (0.5 g L-1) was found not to be compatible with A. californicus, prochloraz (0.6 cm3 L-1), bupirimate (1.0 g L-1) and bifenazate (0.3 g L-1) did show such compatibility (mean mortality±SE: 17±3%), and are therefore recommended to be used together with the predator in the management of this crop. Key words: ornamental cultivation, pesticide spraying, predator mites, integrated pest management.

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, native to Asia is a devastating pest of ash in North America and European Russia. There are several parasitoids of A. planipennis recorded in Asia and North America, but none previously in Europe and European Russia. Eighty two specimens of the ectoparasitoid Spathius polonicus Niezabitowski (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) (23 adults, 56 larvae and three pupae) were found in the remains of A. planipennis larvae at five localities in Moscow Province in October 2013 - May 2014. S. polonicus is rare but widely distributed and mainly a Western Palaearctic species. It seems that the level of parasitism could be relatively high: in nature, more than 50% of the last instar larvae of A. planipennis examined were killed by S. polonicus. We collected 24 live last instar larvae and prepupae and the remains of 30 last instar larvae of A. planipennis previously parasitized by S. polonicus. S. polonicus may be suitable for the biocontrol of A. planipennis both in Europe and North America, because it is a native of the temperate climate zone. The potential of this parasitoid for biological control needs special investigation.

This review examines potential impacts of transgenic cultivars on insect population dynamics and evolution. Experience with classically bred, insecticidal cultivars has demonstrated that a solid understanding of both the target insect's ecology and the cultivar's performance under varied field conditions will be essential for predicting area-wide effects of transgenic cultivars on pest and natural enemy dynamics. This experience has also demonstrated the evolutionary capacity of pests for adaptive response to insecticidal traits in crops. Biochemical and genetic studies of insect adaptation to the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins expressed by currently marketed transgenic cultivars indicate a high risk for rapid adaptation if these cultivars are misused. Theoretical and practical issues involved in implementing strategies to delay pest adaptation to insecticidal cultivars are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on examining the \"high dose\"/refuge strategy that has become the goal of industry and regulatory authorities.

Introduction. Un inventaire des espèces de Tephritidae dans des vergers de l’ouest du Burkina Faso a été effectué entre décembre 2007 et décembre 2009. Matériel et méthodes. Un piégeage de détection a été mené dans sept vergers de manguiers en utilisant comme appât de la levure de Torula placée dans des pièges Mac Phail. Résultats et discussion. L’identification et le dénombrement des Tephritidae capturées a permis de recenser 18 espèces : neuf du genre Ceratitis, sept du genre Dacus et deux du genre Bactrocera. Ceratitis cosyra et Bactrocera invadens (respectivement 53,02 % et 36,19 % de l’ensemble des captures) se sont révélées être les espèces dominantes. Nous avons mis en évidence une forte similarité des communautés de Tephritidae au niveau des différents sites étudiés (coefficients de similitude entre 42,86 % et 100 %); cette similarité pourrait être expliquée d’une part par l’homogénéité des conditions climatiques, d’autre part par celle de la végétation de la zone d’étude. La proximité des parcelles de cultures maraîchères et la diversité des fruitiers locaux hôtes des Tephritidae autour des vergers de manguiers pourraient être à l’origine de la richesse spécifique élevée que nous avons constatée. Conclusion. Notre étude a révélé une diversité de Tephritidae dans la zone d’investigation qui présente des communautés d’espèces homogènes. Ces résultats seront complétés par l’identification des espèces associées aux dégâts sur manguier et à l’évaluation de leur importance. Ils suggèrent dès à présent la possibilité de développer, contre ces ravageurs, une stratégie de lutte commune à toutes les localités de la zone d’étude de l’ouest du Burkina Faso. Introduction. An inventory of Tephritidae species in mango orchards of Western Burkina Faso was conducted from December 2007 to December 2009. Materials and methods. A detection trapping was conducted in mango orchards using the Torula yeast as bait placed in Mac Phail traps. Results and discussion. Identification and enumeration of captured Tephritidae revealed 18 species, nine of the genus Ceratitis, seven of Dacus and two of Bactrocera. Ceratitis cosyra and Bactrocera invadens (respectively 53.02% and 36.19% of the whole Tephritids captured) were found to be the dominant species. We have demonstrated a strong similarity between the Tephritidae communities in the different sites investigated (similarity indices varied between 42.86% and 100%); this similarity could be explained by the uniformity of the climatic conditions and by the homogeneity of vegetation in the study area. The proximity of vegetable plots and the diversity of local fruit-tree hosts of Tephritidae around the mango orchards could be the cause of the high species richness we observed. Conclusion. Our study revealed a diversity of Tephritidae in the investigated area which has homogeneous communities of species. These results should be complemented by the identification of species associated with damage to mango and evaluation of their importance. They now suggest the possibility of developing, against these pests, a strategy common to all localities of the investigated area in western Burkina Faso. Introducción. Se realizó un inventario de las especies de Tephritidae en huertos al oeste de Burkina Faso, entre diciembre de 2007 y diciembre de 2009. Material y métodos. Se efectuó una instalación de trampas de detección, en siete huertos de mangos, empleando como cebo la levadura de tórula, que se colocó en trampas Mac Phail. Resultados y discusión. La identificación y el conteo de las Tephritidae capturadas permitió inventariar 18 especies: nueve del género Ceratitis, siete del género Dacus y dos del género Bactrocera. Ceratitis cosyra y Bactrocera invadens (respectivamente el 53,02 % y el 36,19 % del conjunto de las capturas) resultaron ser las especies dominantes. Destacamos una fuerte similitud de las comunidades de Tephritidae a nivel de los diferentes terrenos estudiados (coeficientes de similitud entre el 42,86 % y el 100 %); esta similitud podría explicarse, por un lado, por la homogeneidad de las condiciones climáticas, por otro lado, por la de la vegetación de la zona de estudio. La proximidad de las parcelas de la horticultura comercial y la diversidad de los árboles frutales locales, huéspedes de los Tephritidae, alrededor de los huertos de mangos, podrían ser el origen de la elevada riqueza específica que constatamos. Conclusión. Nuestro trabajo mostró una diversidad de Tephritidae en la zona de investigación que presenta comunidades de especies homogéneas. Dichos resultados se completarán mediante la identificación de las especies asociadas tanto a los estragos en el mango, como a la evaluación de su importancia. Además, sugieren, de ahora en adelante, la posibilidad de desarrollar contra esta plaga una estrategia de lucha común en todas las localidades de la zona de estudio del oeste de Burkina Faso.

A fundamental shift to a total system approach for crop protection is urgently needed to resolve escalating economic and environmental consequences of combating agricultural pests. Pest management strategies have long been dominated by quests for \"silver bullet\" products to control pest outbreaks. However, managing undesired variables in ecosystems is similar to that for other systems, including the human body and social orders. Experience in these fields substantiates the fact that therapeutic interventions into any system are effective only for short term relief because these externalities are soon \"neutralized\" by countermoves within the system. Long term resolutions can be achieved only by restructuring and managing these systems in ways that maximize the array of \"built-in\" preventive strengths, with therapeutic tactics serving strictly as backups to these natural regulators. To date, we have failed to incorporate this basic principle into the mainstream of pest management science and continue to regress into a foot race with nature. In this report, we establish why a total system approach is essential as the guiding premise of pest management and provide arguments as to how earlier attempts for change and current mainstream initiatives generally fail to follow this principle. We then draw on emerging knowledge about multitrophic level interactions and other specific findings about management of ecosystems to propose a pivotal redirection of pest management strategies that would honor this principle and, thus, be sustainable. Finally, we discuss the potential immense benefits of such a central shift in pest management philosophy

Agrochemical research over the last two decades has resulted in the discovery of chemically novel insecticides that mimic the action of the two insect growth and developmental hormones, the steroidal 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH). Bisacylhydrazines are non-steroidal agonists of 20E and exhibit their insecticidal activity via interaction with the ecdysteroid receptor proteins. Interestingly, two of the bisacylhydrazine (tebufenozide and RH-2485) insecticides are very selectively toxic to lepidopteran pests. These insecticides are safe to beneficial insects and have a benign ecotoxicological profile. Aromatic non-terpenoidal insecticides (fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen) mimic the action of JHs. However, like the JHs, their exact mode of action is not well understood. These insecticides are toxic to a broad spectrum of insects during their embryonic, last larval, or reproductive stages. The insecticidal, ecotoxicological properties and the mode of action of the two groups of insecticides are reviewed in this article.

Insecticide research led to the first \"complete\" victories in combatting pests almost 50 years ago with the chlorinated hydrocarbons followed quickly by the organophosphates, methylcarbamates, and pyrethroids-all neuroactive chemicals. This Golden Age of Discovery was the source of most of our current insecticides. The challenge then became health and the environment, a Golden Age met with selective and degradable compounds. Next the focus shifted to resistance, novel biochemical targets, and new chemical approaches for pest control. The current Golden Age of Genetic Engineering has curtailed, but is unlikely to eliminate, chemical use on major crops. Insecticide research, having passed through several Golden Ages, is now in a renaissance of integrating chemicals and biologicals for sustainable pest control with human safety.

The susceptibility to five new insecticide mixtures (chlorosan, feroban, cygron, engeo, and kingbo) was studied in the 2nd and 4th instar larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. The efficiency and residual effects of these compounds against S. littoralis under field conditions were also investigated. Obtained results revealed that feroban was the most effective compared with the other toxicants, while engeo was the least toxic insecticide in both instars after 2 and 5 days from treatment. Data also indicated that feroban had the longest half-life while engeo recorded the shortest one. Biochemical analysis showed that the tested compounds caused pronounced changes in acetyl cholinesterase and phenol oxidase.

▪ Abstract  Fire and insects are natural disturbance agents in many forest ecosystems, often interacting to affect succession, nutrient cycling, and forest species composition. We review literature pertaining to effects of fire-insect interactions on ecological succession, use of prescribed fire for insect pest control, and effects of fire on insect diversity from northern and boreal forests in North America. Fire suppression policies implemented in the early 1900s have resulted in profound changes in forest species composition and structure. Associated with these changes was an increased vulnerability of forest stands to damage during outbreaks of defoliating insects. Information about the roles that both fire and insects play in many northern forests is needed to increase our understanding of the ecology of these systems and to develop sound management policies.