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Nanoemulsions contain acceptable O/W or W/O dispersions, with droplet sizes ranging from 100 to 500 nm. In the current study, we formulated O/W nanoemulsion using Caesalpinia decapetala seed oil, Tween 20, and Tween 80 surfactant through ultrasonic and spontaneous emulsification. C. decapetala is a climbing shrub thorny tree. C. decapetala seed oil contains different chemical constituents. As a result, physicochemical properties of prepared nanoemulsion came to be 132.561 ± 0.491–290.033 ± 1.952 nm average particle size, 0.028 ± 0.038–0.301 ± 0.042 polydispersive index, - 32.274 to - 58 mV zeta potentials, 4.383–6.5 pH value, 3.922–5.247 mPa.s viscosity value with spherical shape, with excellent physical stability. Subsequently, gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains were employed to assess the nanoemulsion’s antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, the results indicate that C. decapetala seed oil nanoemulsion has excellent antibacterial activity on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria strains. This nanoemulsion formulated using Tween 80 had higher inhibition zones like 13.5,13, 12, and 11 mm than the other methods on S. aureus , E.coli , S.pyogenes , and P. aeruginosa , respectively. Generally, smaller particle size, polydispersive index, stable surface charge, and low value of viscosity indicate that formulated nanoemulsion had better stability and bioavailability activity for antibacterial activity.

Naturally occurring plant-based compounds are increasingly being explored for their therapeutic potential in treating a wide range of conditions, particularly those related to vascular health. The compound 3-deoxysappanchalcone (3-DSC), derived from Caesalpinia sappan L., has been proven to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza, and anti-allergic properties, though its role in thrombosis and haemostasis remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-thrombotic potential of 3-DSC in both in vitro and in vivo models. The anticoagulant activities of 3-DSC were assessed using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin (FIIa) and activated factor X (FXa) activity assays, as well as fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation tests. Its effects on plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) expression were evaluated in TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results demonstrated that 3-DSC extended aPTT and PT, suppressed thrombin and FXa activities, reduced their production in HUVECs, inhibited thrombin-induced fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation, and exerted anticoagulant effects in mice. Furthermore, 3-DSC significantly decreased the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. These findings suggest that 3-DSC possesses potent anti-thrombotic properties by modulating coagulation pathways and fibrinolysis. Its therapeutic potential warrants further investigation for the development of novel anticoagulant agents.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is frequently dysregulated in cancer stem cells (CSCs), a sub population of cancer cell mass that drives tumor proliferation, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. Despite its therapeutic significance, no clinically approved drugs specifically target this pathway. In the present study, secondary metabolites of the medicinal plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima was computationally screened by molecular docking, dynamics simulation and Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) based free energy calculations to identify potential inhibitors of β-catenin–Tcf/Lef interaction, a key downstream event essential for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Diterpene metabolite 6β-Cinnamoyl-7β-hydroxyvouacapen-5α-ol (6βCHV) was identified as a potent inhibitor of the pathway along with four previously reported Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitors. To validate the results, bioactivity-guided isolation of major active compound was performed using NTERA-2 cells as a cancer stem cell (CSC) model. The isolated compound was spectroscopically characterized and confirmed to be 6βCHV. Anti-proliferative activity assays revealed that 6βCHV suppressed proliferation of breast cancer stem cells (bCSCs) (IC₅₀ = 49.18 µM), NTERA-2 cells (IC₅₀ = 8.92 µM), and highly Wnt-dependent cancer types, including gastric adenocarcinoma (IC₅₀ = 1.90 µM), hepatocellular carcinoma (IC₅₀ = 5.96 µM), and ovarian carcinoma (IC₅₀ = 7.66 µM). 6βCHV upregulated the tumor suppressor gene, p53 while downregulating Wnt target genes, Cyclin D1 and CD44 leading to apoptosis in bCSCs as confirmed by Caspase 3/7 activation. These findings establish 6βCHV as the principal anticancer compound in C. pulcherrima , exerting its effects, at least in part, through Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition.

Caesalpinia digyna Rottl. is an evergreen shrub traditionally used as an astringent, phthisis, antipyretic, nervine tonic, and diabetes remedy. The goal is to determine the fruit extract’s antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic effects through in vitro and computational studies. First, the methanol extract was prepared, and fractionation was performed using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. Preliminary screening was done using qualitative techniques, while Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl 3 techniques were used to measure the total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), respectively. The total antioxidant capacity, DPPH scavenging, and Fe 3+ reducing power were used to calculate the antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometric technique. Besides, Trypan Blue Exclusion and MTT methods were used to measure cytotoxic and anticancer activities against Vero and various cancer cell lines. GC–MS profiling was performed to identify the plant’s phytochemicals. Phytochemical screening revealed various phytoconstituents, and the GC–MS analysis discovered 40 bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate extract (ECDF). The ECDF exhibited the highest TPC (258.16 ± 4.84 mg GAE/g) and TFC (174.25 ± 8.33 mg QCE/g), and potent antioxidant capacity. In the in vitro anticancer and cytotoxicity studies, the ECDF showed the lowest viability at doses of 800 µg/mL against the lung cancer (43.97 ± 2.95%) and Vero (53.58 ± 3.20%) cell lines. Besides, ECDF extract has strong anticancer effects against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 : 23.53 ± 1.61 and 15.57 ± 3.74 µg/mL). The docking results showed that the selected compounds have a strong binding affinity for several proteins and bind to amino acid residues via hydrogen bonds, non-covalent, and Van Der Waals bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the 1,3-dihydroxyanthraquinone (C14) compound forms stable complexes with respective proteins. Additionally, most of these compounds were predicted to have satisfactory ADMET profiles. The findings suggest that C. digyna fruit extracts might be a potential source for discovering cancer medicine. However, further analysis is required to isolate and identify the compounds responsible for these effects.

In a recent study, we used chemical analysis to show that the Caesalpinia mimosoides aqueous extract, which contains a high concentration of simple phenolics, has strong anti-influenza activity. We determined through molecular docking methods that its potential target inhibitor is the neuraminidase. Therefore, our study objectives were to evaluate whether the aqueous-ethanol extract (30% v/v) of this plant species exhibits greater antiviral activity than the aqueous plant extract. The C. mimosoides hydroethanolic extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, with an IC 50 value of 15.01 µg/mL, comparable to authentic quercetin (IC 50  = 12.72 µg/mL) and approximately 4.91 times greater than standard gallic acid (IC 50  = 3.06 µg/mL). Through untargeted metabolomic analyses (UPLC-ESI(±)-QTOF-MS/MS) and subsequent stepwise computational metabolomics analyses, we identified the extract as primarily containing simple phenolics (e.g., gallic acid, ellagic acid, shikimic acid, and chlorogenic acid), flavonoid derivatives (e.g., quercetin, taxifolin, myricitrin, and afzelin), and other bioactive components, including dicarboxylic acids and germacrone. The polyphenol-rich extract showed strong anti-influenza activity, with an IC 50 of 2.33 µg/mL against the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus and no cytotoxic effects, as indicated by a CC 50 greater than 50 µg/mL. This represents an approximately 3.35-fold increase in effectiveness compared to its corresponding aqueous extract (IC 50  = 7.81 µg/mL). Furthermore, the extract demonstrated no hemolytic activity, even at a maximum concentration of 2,000 µg/mL, suggesting its potential as a safe antiviral agent. Molecular docking analyses revealed that the identified phytochemicals can simultaneously interact with the “drug-target binding sites” of neuraminidase (NA) and PB2 subunit of influenza RNA polymerase, indicating their potential polypharmacological effects. The antiviral activity of the ethanolic-aqueous extract against other strains is being explored due to the versatile biological effects of phenolic substances.

Tara gum (TG) is a polysaccharide extracted from the seeds of a South American tree called Tara ( Caesalpinia spinosa ). TG is a galactomannan with many applications in the food industry, mainly as an emulsifier and stabilizer agent. In addition, it is also used in the paper and cosmetic industries. In the present study, we performed a molecular characterization based on chemical composition and physicochemical properties to understand the properties behind TG applications. TG was extracted and purified from Tara seeds distributed in different ecoregions of Bolivia. The monosaccharide composition analysis was determined by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography/pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). At the same time, their molecular characteristics, such as molar mass, root-mean-square radius, hydrodynamic radius, conformation, and densities, were studied by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multi-angle light scattering refractive index (AF4-MALS-dRI), also the specific refractive index increment (dn/dc) was determined for the first time using AF4 for TG. The results revealed that the gum samples are galactomannans composed of mannose (Man) and galactose (Gal) in a ratio of 3.37 (Man/Gal), with an average molar mass range from 2.460 × 10 7 to 3.699 × 10 7  Da, distributed in a single population. The root-mean-square radius range from 260.4 to 281.6 nm, and dn/dc is 0.1454. The Kratky plots based on 14 scattering angles indicated that the conformation of all samples corresponds to random coil monodisperse, while their gyration radius/hydrodynamic radius ratio (ρ) is high. All these results suggest that the chains have a low branched density, consistent with the Gal/Man composition. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time an integrated physicochemical study of TG relevant to developing emulsifier and stabilizer formulations.

Caesalpinia ferrea Martius has traditionally been used in Brazil for many medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of bronchitis, diabetes and wounds. Despite its use as a medicinal plant, there is still no data regarding the genotoxic effect of the stem bark. This present work aims to assess the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the ethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. ferrea and to evaluate its mutagenic activity, using a Salmonella/microsome assay for this species. As a result, a total of twenty compounds were identified by Flow Injection Analysis Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MSn) in the ethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. ferrea. Hydrolyzable tannins predominated, principally gallic acid derivatives. The HPLC-DAD method was developed for rapid quantification of six gallic acid compounds and ellagic acid derivatives. C. ferrea is widely used in Brazil, and the absence of any mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/microsome assay is important for pharmacological purposes and the safe use of this plant.

Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart., popularly known as “Jucá” or “Pau-ferro”, belongs to the Fabaceae family, and is classified as a native and endemic species in Brazil. Numerous studies that portray its ethnobotany, chemical composition, and biological activities exist in the literature. The present study aimed to systematically review publications addressing the botanical aspects, uses in popular medicine, phytochemical composition, and bioactivities of C. ferrea. The searches focused on publications from 2015 to March 2020 using the Scopus, Periódicos Capes, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. The leaves, fruits, seeds, and bark from C. ferrea are used in popular medicine to treat disorders affecting several systems, including the circulatory, immune, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and conjunctive systems. The most commonly found chemical classes in phytochemical studies are flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and other phenolic compounds. The biological properties of the extracts and isolated compounds of C. ferrea most cited in the literature were antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and healing potential. However, further studies are still needed to clarify a link between its traditional uses, the active compounds, and the reported pharmacological activities, as well as detailed research to determine the toxicological profile of C. ferrea.

The growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ) has spurred interest in alternative acne treatments, particularly herbal medicines. This study evaluates the binding affinities of established anti-acne agents—ketoconazole (KET) and tetracycline (TET)—alongside natural compounds, brazilin (BRA) and hematein (HEM), derived from Caesalpinia sappan L. ( C. sappan ), to C. acnes lipase. Through molecular docking and dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the asymmetric lipase dimer operates independently. Bulky compounds such as KET and TET inhibit lipase activity via π-π interactions, primarily targeting the lid domain. In contrast, smaller ligands BRA and HEM exhibit unique binding modes: BRA mirrors TET by localizing near the lid domain, while HEM shows dual interactions with both the lid and catalytic sites. These results underscore the potential of BRA and HEM as promising anti-acne agents, indicating that C. sappan could be an effective herbal remedy for acne. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of natural products in combating acne and mitigating antimicrobial resistance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of capping agents on the physicochemical and biological properties, particularly their leukemic cytotoxicity, of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using a Caesalpinia sappan extract as a reducing agent. Gelatin, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), polysorbate 80 (P80), octyl phenol ethoxylate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate and mannitol were added as capping agents to ensure colloidal stability of the formed CuONPs. As a control, CuONPs were also synthesized using gelatin and sodium borohydride as the capping and reducing agent, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the obtained CuONPs were determined using dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurements, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Their cytotoxic effects were investigated using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and three strains of leukemic cell lines (KG1a, K562, and Molt4). The obtained CuONPs had a size range from 175–280 nm, with a reasonable size distribution between 0.2 and 0.4 and a negative zeta potential (range −30 to −35 mV) except the particles prepared using gelatin as a stabilizer which had a zeta potential of −3 mV. The CuONPs were incubated with both healthy PBMC and three types of leukemic cells to determine their IC 50 values. The IC 50 values of PEG-CuONPs and P80-CuONPs against healthy PBMC were 72.5 ± 5.8 and 85.0 ± 3.1 µg/mL, respectively, while that against the three strains of leukemic cells were in the range of 26–29 and 28–41 µg/mL, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that the biosynthesized CuONPs using PEG and P80 as a capping agent exhibited the highest selectivity index defined as IC 50 of the particles for PBMC/IC 50 for leukemic cells. Therefore, these CuONPs are promising candidates for preclinical in vivo for leukemic treatments.