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Background Campylobacteriosis is a dominant bacterial cause of foodborne infection and is considered the main public health problem in Europe and many other countries worldwide. In the study lasting from 2011 to 2013 we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children, domestic animals, poultry meat and surface water in Northern Poland. Results During a 3-years study 1973 samples were analysed. The results proved the presence of Campylobacter spp. in 306 (15.5%) samples. The percentage of Campylobacter -positive samples differed among the sample types, from 0% (freshwater beaches) to 38.6% (poultry meat in 2011). Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in children isolates was 9.6%. It decreased from 13.2% in 2011 to 8.0% in 2013. It should be highlighted with a particular concern that Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 20.0% of fountains. All children and poultry meat isolates were susceptible to azithromycin. Two C. coli (3.7%) and four C. jejuni (3.3%) isolated from poultry meat were resistant to erythromycin. The highest percentage of C. jejuni isolates with resistance to ciprofloxacin were found in samples from 80% dogs and 85% ponds. Among isolates resistant to two antimicrobials 74.7% C. jejuni and 59.2% C. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin as well as to tetracycline. Only one cat C. coli isolate was resistant to both azithromycin and erythromycin. One C. jejuni isolate from a fountain was resistant to four antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin). Conclusions The study proved that surface water, poultry meat and pets constituted potential sources of Campylobacter to children. Fountains can be a direct source of children campylobacteriosis but can also pollute other environments with multidrug-resistant Campylobacter . The high resistance to some antimicrobials among the isolates may lead to increasing numbers of difficult-to-treat campylobacteriosis cases among children.

Campylobacteriosis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are global public health concerns. Africa is estimated to have the world's highest incidence of campylobacteriosis and a relatively high prevalence of AMR in Campylobacter spp. from humans and animals. Few studies have compared Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and poultry in Africa using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We explored the population structure and AMR of 178 Campylobacter isolates from East Africa, 81 from patients with diarrhea in Kenya and 97 from 56 poultry samples in Tanzania, collected during 2006-2017. Sequence type diversity was high in both poultry and human isolates, with some sequence types in common. The estimated prevalence of multidrug resistance, defined as resistance to >3 antimicrobial classes, was higher in poultry isolates (40.9%, 95% credible interval 23.6%-59.4%) than in human isolates (2.5%, 95% credible interval 0.3%-6.8%), underlining the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in livestock systems.

Campylobacter coli , a significant foodborne pathogen, has undergone extensive genetic exchange with its close relative, Campylobacter jejuni , leading to the emergence of three distinct clades. While clade 1 strains are commonly isolated from clinical and agricultural sources, clades 2 and 3 are primarily found in aquatic environments. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of C. coli clade 2 and 3 isolates through genomic and phenotypic characterization. A total of 48 surface water samples were collected from 19 different water bodies throughout Slovenia, and eleven Campylobacter isolates initially identified as C. coli from clades 2 and 3 were cultured. Whole genome sequencing was then performed on these isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and k-mer analysis. Phenotypic characterization included growth analysis, autoagglutination, biofilm formation, motility, antimicrobial susceptibility, water survival, and metabolic profiling. Genomic analysis revealed significant admixture with other Campylobacter species in the clade 2 and 3 isolates. One isolate was found to represent a new species related to C. coli . Besides C. jejuni and C. lari , this novel species appears to have contributed to introgression in the C. coli clades 2 and 3 isolates. Phenotypic characterization demonstrated diverse growth patterns, motility, autoagglutination abilities, and biofilm formation among the isolates. This study provides new insights into the genetic diversity and phenotypic characteristics of aquatic C. coli clade 2 and 3 isolates from Slovenia. The observed admixture with other Campylobacter species highlights the complex evolutionary history of these environmental strains and underscores the importance of continued surveillance and characterization of Campylobacter isolates from diverse ecological niches.

Background. Campylobacter species cause a high proportion of bacterial gastroenteritis cases and are a significant burden on health care systems and economies worldwide; however, the relative contributions of the various possible sources of infection in humans are unclear. Methods. National-scale genotyping of Campylobacter species was used to quantify the relative importance of various possible sources of human infection. Multilocus sequence types were determined for 5674 isolates obtained from cases of human campylobacteriosis in Scotland from July 2005 through September 2006 and from 999 Campylobacter species isolates from 3417 contemporaneous samples from potential human infection sources. These data were supplemented with 2420 sequence types from other studies, representing isolates from a variety of sources. The clinical isolates were attributed to possible sources on the basis of their sequence types with use of 2 population genetic models, STRUCTURE and an asymmetric island model. Results. The STRUCTURE and the asymmetric island models attributed most clinical isolates to chicken meat (58% and 78% of Campylobacter jejuni and 40% and 56% of Campylobacter coli isolates, respectively), identifying it as the principal source of Campylobacter infection in humans. Both models attributed the majority of the remaining isolates to ruminant sources, with relatively few isolates attributed to wild bird, environment, swine, and turkey sources. Conclusions. National-scale genotyping was a practical and efficient methodology for the quantification of the contributions of different sources to human Campylobacter infection. Combined with the knowledge that retail chicken is routinely contaminated with Campylobacter, these results are consistent with the view that the largest reductions in human campylobacteriosis in industrialized countries will come from interventions that focus on the poultry industry.

Campylobacter spp. is a major cause of foodborne diseases in humans, particularly when transmitted by the handling or consumption of undercooked poultry meat. Most Campylobacter infections are self-limiting, but antimicrobial treatment ( e.g ., fluoroquinolones and macrolides) is necessary in severe or prolonged cases. The indiscriminate use of these drugs, both in clinical medicine and animal production, has a major impact on public health. The aim of the present study was to identify Campylobacter strains, isolated from turkey and broilers, using both PCR and the matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) methods to reveal the accuracy of identification, as well to evaluate the antimicrobial and genetic resistance of the investigated strains. MALDI-TOF and PCR methods were used to show differences, if any, in the specificity of that test. In this study, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry gave the same results as multiplex PCR, in all cases. The highest rate of resistance ( i.e ., 100% of turkey and broiler strains) was detected against ciprofloxacin, whereas 58.1% of turkey and 78.6% of broiler strains were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug-resistant isolates were not found in the study. All ciprofloxacin-resistant strains had a mutation in the gyrA gene, at the Thr-86 position. The presence of the tetO gene was found in 71% of turkey and in 100% of broiler strains. All resistant to tetracycline strains included tetO gene. Additionally, in five turkey and three broiler strains, susceptible to tetracycline, tetO gene was present. These results indicate the high prevalence of Campylobacter strains, which are phenotypically and genetically resistant to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline.

Campylobacter species are zoonotic pathogens, and are considered to be the major foodborne pathogen that causes outbreaks and sporadic gastrointestinal illnesses both in developed and developing countries. In this study, the molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from patients and raw meat between 2021 and 2022 in Huzhou were analyzed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. From September 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022, a total of 342 fecal specimens from diarrheal patients at a sentinel hospital in Huzhou and 168 samples of raw meat products collected from farmers' markets and supermarkets, were subjected to Campylobacter isolation and identification. The agar dilution method was used to determine resistance of the Campylobacter isolates to eleven antibiotics. In addition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed to compare their genetic relationships. 78 Campylobacter isolates were recovered, comprising 58 isolates (74.36%, 58/78) of Campylobacter jejuni (34 patient isolates and 16 food isolates) and 20 isolates (25.64%, 20/78) of Campylobacter coli (6 patient isolates and 14 food isolates). Campylobacter has emerged as a predominant foodborne pathogen in the local region, with detection rate reached 11.70% among 342 diarrhea samples. The Campylobacter isolation rate in 168 raw meat was 22.62% (38/168), all originating from poultry meat, with chicken been the major source of infection (86.84%, 33/38). Both PGFE type and MLST data confirmed that Campylobacter stains circulating in Huzhou are genetically diverse, with Campylobacter jejuni isolates being more diverse than Campylobacter Coli. PFGE typing revealed 45 band patterns among 54 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 17 band patterns among 19 Campylobacter Coli strains. 50 Campylobacter jejuni strains from different sources were classified into 37 ST types, showing a dispersed distribution and encompassing over 12 clonal complexes (CCs), with CC-21 being the most prevalent CC (22.00%, 11/50). The distribution of ST types in the 18 Campylobacter Coli strains was relatively concentrated, with 83.33% (15/18) of isolates belonging to the CC-828. In this study, 2 groups of Campylobacter jejuni strains (PFGE J2-ST464 and PFGE J9-ST-2328) originated from humans and chickens showed high genetic homologies by comparing PFGE and MLST results. Besides, some disagreement between PFGE and MLST was observed for certain ST, indicating a weak correlation between PFGE and MLST for certain Campylobacter strains. Most of the Campylobacter isolates were highly resistant to nalidixic-acid, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The multiple antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter Coli (89.47%) is higher than Campylobacter jejuni (29.63%). Campylobacter is an important foodborne pathogen in both diarrheal patients and raw meat products in Huzhou City, exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance and high level of genetic diversity.

Campylobacter , a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans, asymptomatically colonises the intestinal tract of a wide range of animals.Although antimicrobial treatment is restricted to severe cases, the increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concern. Considering the significant contribution of ruminants as reservoirs of resistant Campylobacter , Illumina whole-genome sequencing was used to characterise the mechanisms of AMR in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli recovered from beef cattle, dairy cattle, and sheep in northern Spain. Genome analysis showed extensive genetic diversity that clearly separated both species. Resistance genotypes were identified by screening assembled sequences with BLASTn and ABRicate, and additional sequence alignments were performed to search for frameshift mutations and gene modifications. A high correlation was observed between phenotypic resistance to a given antimicrobial and the presence of the corresponding known resistance genes. Detailed sequence analysis allowed us to detect the recently described mosaic tet (O/M/O) gene in one C. coli , describe possible new alleles of bla OXA-61 -like genes, and decipher the genetic context of aminoglycoside resistance genes, as well as the plasmid/chromosomal location of the different AMR genes and their implication for resistance spread. Updated resistance gene databases and detailed analysis of the matched open reading frames are needed to avoid errors when using WGS-based analysis pipelines for AMR detection in the absence of phenotypic data.

Background Campylobacter spp. have been reported as a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans in many countries. However, in Brazil there is insufficient data to estimate the impact of Campylobacter in public health. In light of the importance of this foodborne pathogen, the aim of this study was to perform comparative analyses on 80 Brazilian Campylobacter coli genomes isolated from human feces, animals, the environment, and food. Methods include Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), Gegenees, genomic plasticity, presence of pathogenicity, resistance, and metabolic islands. In addition, virulence analysis in Galleria mellonella were also performed for 18 selected C. coli strains. Results The ANI values confirmed that all strains belonged to the C. coli species. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the evolutionary relationships among the studied strains, highlighting the genetic diversity among them. The differences in shared and deleted regions of the studied genomes were demonstrated, with 16 genomic islands identified, including 4 metabolic islands, 4 resistance islands, and 8 pathogenicity islands. We detected genes associated with chemotaxis, exotoxin production, antimicrobial resistance, stress response, defense mechanisms, and intracellular survival among these islands, highlighting the pathogenic potential of these strains. Two strains isolated from human and one from animal showed high virulence, killing 100% of Galleria mellonella larvae. Two strains isolated from the environment and two isolated from food killed 70–90% of the larvae and were classified as virulent. Three strains isolated from animal, two from human, two from the environment and one from food killed 30% to 60% of the larvae and were considered of intermediate virulence. Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291, one strain isolated from human and one from food killed 10 to 20% of the larvae and were considered of low virulence. One strain isolated from food did not kill any larvae and was considered avirulent. Conclusions The results obtained highlighted the genetic diversity, pathogenic and virulence potential of many of the C. coli strains studied, contributing for a more complete characterization of this important pathogen recognized as a cause of human gastroenteritis.

Campylobacteriosis outbreaks have previously been linked to dairy foods. While the genetic diversity of Campylobacter is well understood in high-income countries, it is largely unknown in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia. This study therefore aimed to conduct the first genomic characterization of Campylobacter isolates from the Ethiopian dairy supply chain to aid in future epidemiological studies. Fourteen C . jejuni and four C . coli isolates were whole genome sequenced using an Illumina platform. Sequences were analyzed using the bioinformatics tools in the GalaxyTrakr platform to identify MLST types, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, and infer phylogenetic relationships among the studied isolates. Assembled genomes were further screened to detect antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene sequences. Among 14 C . jejuni , ST 2084 and ST 51, which belong to the clonal complexes ST-353 and ST-443, respectively, were identified. Among the 4 sequenced C . coli isolates, two isolates belonged to ST 1628 and two to ST 830 from the clonal complex ST-828. The isolates of C . jejuni ST 2084 and ST 51 carried β-lactam resistance gene blaOXA-605 , a fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutation T86I in the gryA gene, and a macrolide resistance-associated mutation A103V in 50S L22 . Only ST 2084 isolates carried the tetracycline resistance gene tetO . Conversely, all four C . coli ST 830 and ST 1628 isolates carried tetO , but only ST 1628 isolates also carried blaOXA-605 . Lastly, C . jejuni ST 2084 isolates carried a total of 89 virulence genes, and ST 51 isolates carried up to 88 virulence genes. Among C . coli , ST 830 isolates carried 71 genes involved in virulence, whereas two ST 1628 isolates carried up to 82 genes involved in virulence. Isolates from all identified STs have previously been isolated from human clinical cases, demonstrating a potential food safety concern. This finding warrants further monitoring of Campylobacter in dairy foods in Ethiopia to better understand and manage the risks associated with Campylobacter contamination and transmission.

Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter is a growing public health concern, driven by the rapid evolution and zoonotic transmission of resistant strains. This study focuses on mutations in the cmeABC efflux pump, which confer high resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, the two most effective oral antibiotics for human campylobacteriosis. By analyzing genomes from poultry and children in Iquitos, Peru, as well as global genomic data sets, we identified a significant prevalence of these resistance-associated mutations, particularly in poultry and children. Our findings suggest that these mutations originated in Campylobacter jejuni and spread to C. coli through recombination. Globally, these mutations are found in approximately 6% of isolates, with higher prevalence in poultry in multiple countries. This research underscores the critical role of genomic epidemiology in understanding the origins, evolution, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and highlights the need to address poultry as a reservoir for resistant Campylobacter .