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\"Following the 1808 French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, an unprecedented political crisis threw the Spanish Monarchy into turmoil. On the Caribbean coast of modern-day Colombia, the important port town of Cartagena rejected Spanish authority, finally declaring independence in 1811. With new leadership that included free people of color, Cartagena welcomed merchants, revolutionaries, and adventurers from Venezuela, the Antilles, the United States, and Europe. Most importantly, independent Cartagena opened its doors to privateers of color from the French Caribbean. Hired mercenaries of the sea, privateers defended Cartagena's claim to sovereignty, attacking Spanish ships and seizing Spanish property, especially near Cuba, and establishing vibrant maritime connections with Haiti. Most of Cartagena's privateers were people of color and descendants of slaves who benefited from the relative freedom and flexibility of life at sea, but also faced kidnapping, enslavement, and brutality. Many came from Haiti and Guadeloupe; some had been directly involved in the Haitian Revolution. While their manpower proved crucial in the early Anti-Spanish struggles, Afro-Caribbean privateers were also perceived as a threat, suspected of holding questionable loyalties, disorderly tendencies, and too strong a commitment to political and social privileges for people of color. Based on handwritten and printed sources in Spanish, English, and French, this book tells the story of Cartagena's multinational and multicultural seafarers, revealing the Trans-Atlantic and maritime dimensions of South American independence.\"-- Provided by publisher.

This study of sexuality in seventeenth-century Latin America takes the reader beneath the surface of daily life in a colonial city. Cartagena was an important Spanish port and the site of an Inquisition high court, a slave market, a leper colony, a military base, and a prison colony—colonial institutions that imposed order by enforcing Catholicism, cultural and religious boundaries, and prevailing race and gender hierarchies. The city was also simmering with illegal activity, from contraband trade to prostitution to heretical religious practices. Nicole von Germeten’s research uncovers scandalous stories drawn from archival research in Inquisition cases, criminal records, wills, and other legal documents. The stories focus largely on sexual agency and honor: an insult directed at a married woman causes a deadly street battle; a young doña uses sex to manipulate a lustful, corrupt inquisitor. Scandals like these illustrate the central thesis of this book: women in colonial Cartagena de Indias took control of their own sex lives and used sex and rhetoric connected to sexuality to plead their cases when they had to negotiate with colonial bureaucrats.

Introducción: Con la creciente demanda de aplicaciones en el mercado, las empresas han priorizado atender las necesidades tecnológicas del usuario promedio en detrimento de aquellos con diversidad funcional. Esto ha convertido la accesibilidad en un desafío crucial en diversos contextos, especialmente en el ámbito educativo, donde la diversidad de personas que acceden a contenido web es notable. Objetivo: Este trabajo presenta un estudio basado en una inspección de accesibilidad de seis portales web pertenecientes a universidades en la ciudad de Cartagena. El objetivo es determinar la relación entre la inclusión de pautas de accesibilidad y los factores de posicionamiento web obtenidos a través de Webometrics. Metodología: Se definen cinco fases metodológicas: elección de los portales web, selección de herramientas de inspección, aplicación de la inspección de accesibilidad, análisis de los resultados y formulación de conclusiones y recomendaciones. Resultados: Como resultado del estudio, se ha determinado una correlación superior a 0.8 entre el ranking local de las universidades según Webometrics y el ranking de problemas de accesibilidad identificados mediante herramientas de inspección automática. Conclusiones: El uso de herramientas automáticas de evaluación web debería ser implementado por las instituciones educativas para mejorar la accesibilidad de los sitios institucionales. Esta revisión periódica y la corrección de errores es una buena práctica para mejorar el posicionamiento local e internacional. ABSTRACT Introduction: With the growing demand for applications in the market, companies have increasingly focused on meeting the technological needs of the average user, often overlooking those with functional diversity. Consequently, accessibility has emerged as a critical challenge across various contexts, particularly within the educational sphere, where the diverse range of individuals accessing web content is particularly pronounced. Objective: This paper presents a study centered on the accessibility inspection of six university websites located in the city of Cartagena. The primary aim is to ascertain the relationship between the integration of accessibility guidelines and web positioning factors as determined by Webometrics. Methodology: The methodology comprises five distinct phases: website selection, tool selection for inspection, execution of accessibility inspection, analysis of obtained results, and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. Results: The study revealed a correlation exceeding 0.8 between the local ranking of universities according to Webometrics and the ranking of accessibility issues identified through automated inspection tools. Conclusions: It is recommended that educational institutions adopt automatic web evaluation tools to enhance the accessibility of their institutional websites. This regular review and rectification of issues represent best practices for improving both local and international visibility and usability.

Who are the Black heroines of Latin America and the Caribbean? Where do we turn for models of transcendence among women of African ancestry in the region? In answer to the historical dearth of such exemplars, Mayaya Rising explores and celebrates the work of writers who intentionally center powerful female cultural archetypes. In this inventive analysis, Duke proposes three case studies and a corresponding womanist methodology through which to study and rediscover these figures. The musical Cuban-Dominican sisters and former slaves Teodora and Micaela Ginés inspired Aida Cartagena Portalatin's epic poem Yania tierra; the Nicaraguan matriarch of the May Pole, \"Miss Lizzie,\" figures prominently in four anthologies from the country's Bluefields region; and the iconic palenqueras of Cartagena, Colombia are magnified in the work of poets María Teresa Ramírez Neiva and Mirian Díaz Pérez. In elevating these figures and foregrounding these works, Duke restores and repairs the scholarly record.

This research analyzed and characterized the structure built in the mid-eighteenth century to close off the Bocagrande in the Bay of Cartagena by using written and cartographic historical records and employing multibeam acoustic technology. This submarine wall closed the navigation through Bocagrande permanently, from the nineteenth century to date. The analysis made it possible to estimate the dimensions of the structure in its current state. It also reveals its relationship with the archaeological context, involving other structures, together, provided defenses for the city and the bay by protecting the navigation through its largest mouth. The structure is accompanied by two depressions in the inner part of the bay—one, a parallel trench along the entire structure, and the other more remote and tenuous—both caused by hydrodynamic factors such as current scour and wave effects. The multibeam images show the ruins of the foundations of a bastioned fort with 82 m sides, at an average depth of 6 m. La Escollera (the breakwater) was later built over part of the structure. The comparison of plans from 1769 to 1786 and the bathymetric survey carried out in 2021 suggests that this structure corresponds to San Matías Fort, built in 1567 and dismantled in 1626, one of the lost military fortifications in the Bay of Cartagena de Indias. The analysis also permitted argument on the location of Santangel platform and of Point Icacos.

I argue that Teresa of Cartagena's Grove of the Infirm offers a recalibration of the wisdom emergent from suffering by moving from a cruciform spirituality to an intellectual ‘scientia,’ which benefits specific marginalized groups (prolonged sufferers) by establishing new paths of agency (through distinctive cooperative virtues) for those who suffer. I show that by disengaging suffering's spiritual meaning from the Franciscan focus on the cross, Teresa is able to amplify the relationship of virtue to wisdom while maintaining the validity of the painful experience endured. I argue that Teresa's focus on wisdom challenges the diminution of sufferers' experiences and elevates their spiritual wisdom as applicable to the church writ large. Teresa's work opens new spaces of agency for the most sidelined and secures the lasting significance of the wisdom of suffering.

Restrepo, J.C.; Escobar, J.; Otero, L.; Franco, D.; Pierini, J., and Correa, I., 2017. Factors influencing the distribution and characteristics of surface sediment in the Bay of Cartagena, Colombia. This study evaluated patterns of coastal sediment movement and deposition under different seasonal conditions (warm and cold phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation [ENSO] and normal conditions) in Cartagena Bay, Colombia. A calibrated numerical model (MOHID modeling system) was applied to assess the spatial distribution of sediments transported by the Canal del Dique to the bay and studied the spatial distribution and major textural characteristics of 234 surface sediment samples. Currents in the Bay of Cartagena are controlled primarily by the strength and direction of the wind. Model results show major sediment deposition in the southern sector of the bay during the dry season. More homogenous spatial distribution of sediments throughout the Bay of Cartagena occurs with an increase in river inputs from the Canal del Dique. These patterns were enhanced or weakened, respectively, by cold and warm phases of the ENSO. Predominant sediments were medium size (ϕ = 5.35 ± 1.2), poorly sorted (σ = 1.63 ± 0.8), with notable asymmetry (Sk = −0.052 ± 0.2) and kurtosis (k = 0.84 ± 0.4). Sediments with lower sand content (<5%) are located along a latitudinal axis from the Canal del Dique delta to the western end of the island of Tierrabomba. CaCO3 content of the sediments is <10%. Water and sediment flow, controlled by the Canal del Dique, has favored the transport and deposition of poorly sorted, symmetric, and mesokurtic mud in most of the Bay of Cartagena. As a result, autogenous calcareous sediments have been covered by fine terrigenous sediments that were delivered via the Canal del Dique. Thus, the channel plays a more prominent role in sediment transport and deposition in the Bay of Cartagena than thought previously.

El fitoplancton es un grupo de organismos unicelulares fotosintetizadores que constituyen la base de las redes tróficas en todos los ecosistemas acuáticos y que, debido a su alta sensibilidad, pueden considerarse como bioindicadores de la calidad del agua. Con base a lo anterior, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar posibles variaciones en la comunidad fitoplanctónica de Ciénaga Honda, Cartagena, durante un periodo de un año. Para esto, se realizaron muestreos en tres estaciones entre marzo y diciembre 2018, utilizando una red de 35 μm, con la que se filtraron 40 L de agua superficial. Las muestras se fijaron con formalina al 4 %. Adicionalmente, se registraron datos de temperatura (ambiente y del agua), salinidad, pH, oxígeno disuelto y velocidad del viento. Las muestras fueron sedimentadas durante 72 h, y se centrifugaron a 3000 rpm. La identificación taxonómica de los individuos se realizó hasta la categoría taxonómica más baja posible, y la densidad se expresó en cél/mL. Se identificaron cinco phyla: Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta y Euglenophyta. Las diatomeas (Ochrophyta) fueron las más representativas, seguidas de dinoflagelados. En cuanto a las condiciones ambientales, se evidenciaron variaciones significativas entre las épocas de muestreo, específicamente de temperatura del agua, salinidad y velocidad del viento. También se encontró que la salinidad fue una variable importante en las muestras recolectadas en septiembre, mientras que, para marzo, mayo y diciembre, incidieron la temperatura del agua y la velocidad del viento. La mayor presencia de células fitoplanctónicas se reportó durante los muestreos marzo y mayo de 2018, probablemente relacionados con la época climática debido a que hay menor entrada de agua continental y sedimentos, lo que favorece la penetración de luz y la fotosíntesis. La presente investigación complementa la información existente sobre fitoplancton en la Ciénaga Honda y, por lo tanto, de la bahía de Cartagena.

Anopheles albimanus is one of the principal malaria vectors in the Americas and exhibits phenotypic variation across its geographic distribution. High-quality reference genomes from geographically distant populations are essential to deepen our understanding of the biology, evolution, and genetic variation of this important malaria vector . In this study, we applied long-read PacBio and short-read Illumina sequencing technologies to assemble the complete genomes of two reference strains of An. albimanus, Stecla (originating from El Salvador), and Cartagena (originating from Colombia); and investigated the structural features of these genomes, including gene content, transposable elements (TEs), genetic variation, and structural rearrangements. Our hybrid assembly approach generated reference-quality genomes for each strain and recovered ~ 96% of the expected genome size. The genome assemblies of Stecla and Cartagena consisted of 109 and 149 scaffolds, with estimated genome sizes of 167.5 Mbp (N 50  = 88 Mbp) and 167.1 Mbp (N 50  = 87 Mbp), respectively. They exhibited a high level of completeness and contained a smaller number of gaps and ambiguous bases than either of the two previously published reference genomes for this species, suggesting a considerable improvement in the quality and completeness of the assemblies. A total of 12,082 and 12,120 protein-coding genes were predicted in Stecla and Cartagena, respectively. TE analyses indicated more repetitive content was captured in the long read assemblies. The assembled genomes shared 98.12% pairwise identity and synteny analyses suggested that gene position was conserved between both strains. These newly assembled genomes will serve as an important resource for future research in comparative genomics, proteomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, and functional analysis of this important malaria vector.