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Despite the long history of Chinese-Arab interactions since the seventh century, modern Chinese scholarship on the Arab world has a much shorter story. The global historical context that led to such a situation is the Western dominance in knowledge production. Most Chinese scholars research on issues related to the West and/or China-Western interactions. Only a small proportion of researchers cast their eyes on the “other East”—the Arab world. Consequently, Arab/Arabic studies occupies a marginal space in Chinese academies. In addition, although Edward Said had fiercely argued more than forty years ago in Orientalism that subtle but persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arab-Islamic peoples and their culture perpetrates Western misunderstanding about the region, such biased representations were sometimes uncritically transferred by Chinese scholars when they were acquiring knowledge about the region via translations of Orientalist accounts written in English. Another major obstacle is the inherent linguistic and orthographic difficulties involved. Although some researchers have made great endeavors to overcome such challenges, most publish only in Chinese. As a result, their findings are not widely known. This article, therefore, scrutinizes and contextualizes modern Chinese scholarship on the Arab world in order to introduce it to a wider international audience, especially for those who are keenly observing the increasing Chinese-Arab engagements in the twenty-first century. In addition to providing synoptic overviews of major institutions, scholars, and their representative works, the article also critically analyzes the historical contexts that led to the initial formation, subsequent divergent developments in Chinese-language academies on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and the present challenges of the respective state of the fields. I argue that due to bigger population, larger geographical size, and more government funding, Arab/Arabic studies in mainland China is more developed than that in Taiwan, though scholars based on the mainland are facing more pressure on censorship and self-censorship. Both fields, however, were pioneered by the same group of Chinese Hui Muslim scholars who went to study at al-Azhar University in Egypt in the 1930s and the 1940s, not unlike cosmopolitan Muslims around the world at the time who traveled to Cairo for multiple and complex reasons. When they returned, institutionalizing Arab/Arabic-Islamic studies in Chinese academies became one of their most visible and long-lasting legacies. Contingencies in their lives, mainly job opportunities upon graduation, played an important role in their later bifurcated career trajectories. The process during which these Hui Azharites ceased to be “cosmopolitan Muslims” and instead became “Chinese Arabists” reflects an important transformation in Chinese-Arab interactions during the Cold War politics. Later generations of scholars developed systematic pedagogies on teaching Arabic to native Chinese speakers by publishing Arabic-Chinese dictionaries as well as textbooks and grammar books. Their role as cross-cultural intermediaries is significant and widely impactful. These little-known scholars deserve to be recognized for their intellectual pursuits.

PurposeMost studies on Sentiment Analysis are performed in English. However, as the third most spoken language on the Internet, Sentiment Analysis for Spanish presents its challenges from a semantic and syntactic point of view. This review presents a scope of the recent advances in this area.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review on Sentiment Analysis for the Spanish language was conducted on recognized databases by the research community.FindingsResults show classification systems through three different approaches: Lexicon based, Machine Learning based and hybrid approaches. Additionally, different linguistic resources as Lexicon or corpus explicitly developed for the Spanish language were found.Originality/valueThis study provides academics and professionals, a review of advances in Sentiment Analysis for the Spanish language. Most reviews on Sentiment Analysis are for English, and other languages such as Chinese or Arabic, but no updated reviews were found for Spanish.

With this paper the writers continue their series of articles on Chinese Muslim elementary vocabulary. As already mentioned in the first part, in most Chinese dictionaries the specific elementary vocabulary of Islam is omitted. The paper in hand deals with the funeral terminology of Chinese Muslim. In contrast to the prayer terminology, we can only find one direct borrowing in Sino-Arabic, but no Sino-Persian transcription (Arabic and Persian loanwords phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters) among the funeral terms. More often the common Chinese terms are also used in the specific Muslim context. Furthermore, it is obvious that the number of terms is somehow limited comparing to the prayer terminology.

In recent years, China and Saudi Arabia have had frequent exchanges in the political and economic fields, and public opinion evaluation is an essential aspect of evaluating the two countries’ current relations. This paper analyzes tweets in Arabic discussing the Chinese president’s visit to Saudi Arabia and the summits that were held between China and several Arab nations during that visit. The analysis uses one of CAMeLBERT’s sentiment analysis models targeted toward dialectal Arabic and employs modified preprocessing steps to enhance the model’s performance. The study finds that the majority of the tweets are neutral, due to extensive media coverage of the visit, and that positive tweets significantly outweigh negative tweets, which reflects that these events are perceived positively by the Arab public. Further content analysis reveals that the positive tweets discuss topics related to the outcomes and potentials for cooperation and strategic partnership between China and the Arab nations. Despite being outweighed by neutral and positive tweets, the negative tweets provide insight into the challenges that might face this partnership in future. These negative tweets discuss a variety of themes. First, they criticize America and Iran’s strategies and highlight these countries’ responses to the visit; second, they show concern over the potential subservience to China; third, they express fear that China might put its interests over others. The findings of this study are fundamental for the development of China–Arab relations as they provide crucial information about the challenges that need to be addressed in the future.

The differences between English and Arabic metaphors can be confusing and challenging for second language learners and translators. The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast between temperature metaphors pertaining to (hot, warm, cool, cold, ha:rr jl^, dafi? and ba:rid 4j?) in English and Arabic to find similarities and differences between them in terms of functions, frequencies, structures, collocations and the fields they were attested in. The data were collected from dictionaries, corpora, websites, advertisements and daily life conversations. The findings revealed that temperature metaphors in English were more frequently used than they are in Arabic. In addition, the functions used in English temperature metaphors are more and varied. Another finding revealed that Arabic does not have an equivalent to the English word \"cool\". Finally, English temperature metaphors are attested in more fields than in Arabic.

The article deals with the application of Trip Method for the purpose of Teaching Translation and Interpretation, to observe its benefits, and usefulness. The trip consisted of 50 students from various nationalities i.e. Chinese, Arab, Africans, Thais and Pakistanis, of BS Translation & Interpretation from the Department of Translation & Interpretation, Faculty of Arabic, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. This was a one-day trip from Islamabad to Rohtas Fort and Mangla Dam. The students were directed to sit in groups consisting of two students; one Pakistani and one foreign to play mutually the role of a translator and interpreter. From the starting point the students saw a large number of boards; sign boards, traffic signal boards, indicative boards, informative boards, wall chalking and banners that contained Arabic, English, Urdu and mix words of these three language along with a vast range of various kinds of terminologies. This is an innovative approach in teaching translation & interpretation. The students learnt a large number of new words, terminologies and abbreviations during seeing the written data and playing the role of an interpreter as well as a listener. The students observed transliteration of many Arabic words written in English alphabets, English words written in Urdu Language, and sometime a mixture of these three languages, that created a beautiful scenario for a student of English- Arabic Translation and Interpretation and vice versa. With addition to that on the way they observed the translational realia; villages, areas historical places like Rohtas Fort, Mangala Dam, famous mosques, tombs, vehicles, animals, mountains, plants, shrubs, and many more that provided them the real material for direct translation and interpretation. This activity helped them in bringing the theories, principles and translation strategies studied inside the class rooms, into practice. The students observed a large number of terminologies that created in them the sense of creating terminologies. The students saw many cultural events that at the spot translated and interpreted by Pakistani students, gave a sense of how to bridge the cultures through translation. The trip ended with fruitful, rich and very informative-cum-practical conclusion.

A young socialist regime with few diplomatic ties in the 1950s and 1960s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) made significant attempts to reach foreign audiences through the use of mass media. Shortwave broadcasting was a particularly significant means of disseminating the PRC's worldview abroad. Radio Peking's Turkish language section, which was established in 1957 along with Arabic and Persian broadcasts, signaled China's desire to reach countries in the Middle East. Predating official Sino-Turkish ties and providing a direct cultural link between China and Turkey at a time when few such channels existed, Radio Peking's Turkish language broadcasts should be regarded as a significant aspect of Sino-Turkish relations during the Cold War years. Based on recently available Chinese language sources, as well as interviews with retired staff, this article examines Radio Peking's Turkish language section with regard to its organization, program content and audience from 1957 to 1976. It is significant that the PRC regime continued its Turkish language broadcasts amidst various challenges, such as administrative instability, lack of trained personnel, poor technical equipment and unsatisfactory audience numbers. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]