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In this study, an interventional program based on Individual Psychology was proposed and examined to empower teachers with burnout symptoms. The participants were 54 EFL English language teachers with various professional profiles diagnosed with burnout symptoms. Using a quasi-experimental design, the experimental group went through an empowering program with empowering themes as well as cognitive restructuring techniques to facilitate emotional and cognitive change with behavioral consequences. We evaluated the effects of the program through the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Achievement Motivation Test (AMT). Results indicated the positive and immediate effects of the program in alleviating and treating burnout symptoms. However, the program demonstrated weak durability effects in follow-up tests, and this substantiates the need for tests of continuous and in-service training to evaluate long-term outcomes. Further implications regarding teachers and administrators have been discussed.

Introduction: Effective performance in elite sport demands the precise management of psychological factors, yet the distinct contributions of cognitive and somatic anxiety remain incompletely understood. This study investigated how these anxiety dimensions predict objective performance and whether their effects are moderated by gender and sport typology. Methods: A sample of 196 competitive athletes (52% male; 53% individual sports) completed validated multidimensional anxiety measures, and standardized competition scores served as objective performance indicators. Results: Cognitive anxiety emerged as a robust negative predictor, accounting for 18% of variance, with stronger detrimental effects observed among female athletes and those competing individually. In contrast, somatic anxiety demonstrated an inverted-U association, suggesting that moderate physiological arousal facilitates performance while excessive activation is counterproductive. Gender and sport type significantly moderated the cognitive anxiety–performance relationship but did not influence somatic anxiety effects. These findings support Multidimensional Anxiety Theory and the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model, underscoring the multidimensional and context-dependent nature of competitive anxiety. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of individualized interventions integrating mindfulness, cognitive restructuring, self-talk, and biofeedback, while recognizing barriers such as limited access to psychological expertise and uneven technological resources. Future research should employ longitudinal, ecologically valid designs, incorporate culturally diverse samples, and leverage real-time monitoring and machine learning to refine adaptive support strategies. Collectively, this study emphasizes the need for holistic, evidence-based approaches to optimize mental health and sustain performance in high-pressure sporting environments. Introducción: El rendimiento en el deporte de élite exigió un manejo preciso de los factores psicológicos, aunque las contribuciones de la ansiedad cognitiva y somática no se comprendieron plenamente. Objetivo: Analizar cómo la ansiedad cognitiva y somática predijeron el rendimiento objetivo y si el género y la tipología deportiva moderaron estas relaciones. Metodología: Una muestra de 196 atletas competitivos, equilibrada en género y en deportes individuales y de equipo, completó medidas validadas de ansiedad multidimensional, y los puntajes estandarizados de competencia se utilizaron como indicadores objetivos de rendimiento. Resultados: La ansiedad cognitiva mostró una asociación negativa consistente con el rendimiento, explicando una parte importante de la variabilidad. La ansiedad somática presentó una relación curvilínea: una activación moderada se asoció con mejores resultados, mientras que una excesiva redujo el rendimiento. El género y el tipo de deporte moderaron estos efectos, con consecuencias más negativas en las mujeres y en quienes practicaban deportes individuales. Discusión: Los hallazgos coincidieron con la literatura que resalta el efecto perjudicial de la ansiedad cognitiva y el papel adaptativo de una activación somática moderada. También confirmaron que factores contextuales como el género y la tipología deportiva influyeron en la fuerza de estas asociaciones. Conclusiones: La ansiedad cognitiva y somática fueron predictores clave del rendimiento, lo que subrayó la necesidad de un apoyo psicológico individualizado. Un enfoque multidimensional y sensible al contexto es esencial para promover el bienestar y un rendimiento sostenido bajo presión competitiva. Introdução: O desempenho em desportos de elite exigiu a gestão precisa dos fatores psicológicos, embora as contribuições da ansiedade cognitiva e somática não tenham sido totalmente compreendidas. Objectivo: Analisar como a ansiedade cognitiva e somática previram o desempenho objectivo e se o género e o tipo de desporto moderaram estas relações. Metodologia: Uma amostra equilibrada em termos de género de 196 atletas de competição, em desportos individuais e coletivos, completou medidas de ansiedade multidimensionais validadas, e as pontuações padronizadas de competição foram utilizadas como indicadores objetivos de desempenho. Resultados: A ansiedade cognitiva apresentou uma associação negativa consistente com o desempenho, explicando uma parcela significativa da variabilidade. A ansiedade somática apresentou uma relação curvilínea: a excitação moderada esteve associada a melhores resultados, enquanto a excitação excessiva reduziu o desempenho. O género e o tipo de desporto moderaram estes efeitos, com consequências mais negativas nas mulheres e naqueles que participaram em desportos individuais. Discussão: Os resultados foram consistentes com a literatura, destacando o efeito prejudicial da ansiedade cognitiva e o papel adaptativo da excitação somática moderada. Confirmaram ainda que factores contextuais, como o género e o tipo de desporto, influenciaram a força destas associações. Conclusões: A ansiedade cognitiva e somática foram preditores-chave do desempenho, reforçando a necessidade de apoio psicológico individualizado. Uma abordagem multidimensional e contextualizada é essencial para promover o bem-estar e o desempenho sustentado sob pressão competitiva.

Social anxiety disorder is a condition characterised by a marked and persistent fear of being humiliated or scrutinised by others. Age-of-onset data point to adolescence as a developmentally sensitive period for the emergence of the condition, at a time when the peer group becomes increasingly important. Social anxiety in adolescence is associated with considerable impairment that persists through to adulthood. There are clear potential benefits to delivering effective interventions during adolescence. However, there is limited evidence on the specific efficacy of available therapies. This is in contrast to adults, for whom we have interventions with very specific treatment effects. One such treatment is individual cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model of social anxiety proposed by Clark and Wells (in: Heimberg, Leibowitz, Hope, Scheiber (eds) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment, The Guilford Press, New York, 1995). The present review examines the potential application of this adult cognitive model to the understanding of adolescent social anxiety and considers additional adolescent-specific factors that need to be accommodated. It is suggested that a developmentally sensitive adoption of the cognitive model of social anxiety disorder (Clark and Wells 1995) for adolescents may lead to better treatment outcomes.

Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for panic disorder may consist of different combinations of several therapeutic components such as relaxation, breathing retraining, cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure and/or in vivo exposure. It is therefore important both theoretically and clinically to examine whether specific components of CBT or their combinations are superior to others in the treatment of panic disorder. Component network meta-analysis (NMA) is an extension of standard NMA that can be used to disentangle the treatment effects of different components included in composite interventions. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central, with supplementary searches of reference lists and clinical trial registries, for all randomized controlled trials comparing different CBT-based psychological therapies for panic disorder with each other or with control interventions. We applied component NMA to disentangle the treatment effects of different components included in these interventions. After reviewing 2526 references, we included 72 studies with 4064 participants. Interoceptive exposure and face-to-face setting were associated with better treatment efficacy and acceptability. Muscle relaxation and virtual-reality exposure were associated with significantly lower efficacy. Components such as breathing retraining and in vivo exposure appeared to improve treatment acceptability while having small effects on efficacy. The comparison of the most v. the least efficacious combination, both of which may be provided as ‘evidence-based CBT,’ yielded an odds ratio for the remission of 7.69 (95% credible interval: 1.75 to 33.33). Effective CBT packages for panic disorder would include face-to-face and interoceptive exposure components, while excluding muscle relaxation and virtual-reality exposure.

Originally conceptualized by Bandura (Person Soc Psychol Rev 3:193-209, 1999) as the process of cognitive restructuring that allows individuals to disassociate with their internal moral standards and behave unethically without feeling distress, moral disengagement has attracted the attention of management researchers in recent years. An increasing body of research has examined the factors which lead people to morally disengage and its related outcomes in the workplace. However, the conceptualization of moral disengagement, how it should be measured, the manner in which it develops, and its influence on work outcomes are areas of continued debate among researchers. In this article, we undertake a systematic review of research on moral disengagement in the workplace and develop a comprehensive research agenda that highlights opportunities for theoretical and empirical advancement of the literature.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at greater risk for experiencing high levels of anxiety symptoms. Recent evidence suggests Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may also be effective for anxiety reduction in some presentations of ASD. This meta-analysis evaluated twenty-three studies. Results yielded a moderate effect size (g = − 0.66) for the reduction of anxiety symptoms. Moderators indicated larger effects for studies were achieved with parental involvement (g = − 0.85, p < .05) than with child-only treatments (g = − 0.34, p < .05). Short-term interventions generated a smaller effect (g = − 0.37 p < .05) than either standard-term (g = − 1.02, p < .05) or long-term interventions (g = − 0.69, p < .05).Implications for children with ASD are discussed.

This study is a randomized control trial aimed at testing the role of a human-assisted social robot as an intervention mediator in a socio-emotional understanding protocol for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Fourteen children (4–8 years old) were randomly assigned to 10 sessions of a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention implemented in a group setting either with or without the assistance of a social robot. The CBT protocol was based on Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) principles. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted using the Test of Emotional Comprehension (TEC) and the Emotional Lexicon Test (ELT). Substantial improvements in contextualized emotion recognition, comprehension and emotional perspective-taking through the use of human-assisted social robots were attained.

Complex traumatic events associated with armed conflict, forcible displacement, childhood sexual abuse, and domestic violence are increasingly prevalent. People exposed to complex traumatic events are at risk of not only posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but also other mental health comorbidities. Whereas evidence-based psychological and pharmacological treatments are effective for single-event PTSD, it is not known if people who have experienced complex traumatic events can benefit and tolerate these commonly available treatments. Furthermore, it is not known which components of psychological interventions are most effective for managing PTSD in this population. We performed a systematic review and component network meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological interventions for managing mental health problems in people exposed to complex traumatic events. We searched CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress, PsycINFO, and Science Citation Index for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of psychological and pharmacological treatments for PTSD symptoms in people exposed to complex traumatic events, published up to 25 October 2019. We adopted a nondiagnostic approach and included studies of adults who have experienced complex trauma. Complex-trauma subgroups included veterans; childhood sexual abuse; war-affected; refugees; and domestic violence. The primary outcome was reduction in PTSD symptoms. Secondary outcomes were depressive and anxiety symptoms, quality of life, sleep quality, and positive and negative affect. We included 116 studies, of which 50 were conducted in hospital settings, 24 were delivered in community settings, seven were delivered in military clinics for veterans or active military personnel, five were conducted in refugee camps, four used remote delivery via web-based or telephone platforms, four were conducted in specialist trauma clinics, two were delivered in home settings, and two were delivered in primary care clinics; clinical setting was not reported in 17 studies. Ninety-four RCTs, for a total of 6,158 participants, were included in meta-analyses across the primary and secondary outcomes; 18 RCTs for a total of 933 participants were included in the component network meta-analysis. The mean age of participants in the included RCTs was 42.6 ± 9.3 years, and 42% were male. Nine non-RCTs were included. The mean age of participants in the non-RCTs was 40.6 ± 9.4 years, and 47% were male. The average length of follow-up across all included studies at posttreatment for the primary outcome was 11.5 weeks. The pairwise meta-analysis showed that psychological interventions reduce PTSD symptoms more than inactive control (k = 46; n = 3,389; standardised mean difference [SMD] = -0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.02 to -0.63) and active control (k-9; n = 662; SMD = -0.35, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.14) at posttreatment and also compared with inactive control at 6-month follow-up (k = 10; n = 738; SMD = -0.45, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.08). Psychological interventions reduced depressive symptoms (k = 31; n = 2,075; SMD = -0.87, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.63; I2 = 82.7%, p = 0.000) and anxiety (k = 15; n = 1,395; SMD = -1.03, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.61; p = 0.000) at posttreatment compared with inactive control. Sleep quality was significantly improved at posttreatment by psychological interventions compared with inactive control (k = 3; n = 111; SMD = -1.00, 95% CI -1.49 to -0.51; p = 0.245). There were no significant differences between psychological interventions and inactive control group at posttreatment for quality of life (k = 6; n = 401; SMD = 0.33, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.66; p = 0.021). Antipsychotic medicine (k = 5; n = 364; SMD = -0.45; -0.85 to -0.05; p = 0.085) and prazosin (k = 3; n = 110; SMD = -0.52; -1.03 to -0.02; p = 0.182) were effective in reducing PTSD symptoms. Phase-based psychological interventions that included skills-based strategies along with trauma-focused strategies were the most promising interventions for emotional dysregulation and interpersonal problems. Compared with pharmacological interventions, we observed that psychological interventions were associated with greater reductions in PTSD and depression symptoms and improved sleep quality. Sensitivity analysis showed that psychological interventions were acceptable with lower dropout, even in studies rated at low risk of attrition bias. Trauma-focused psychological interventions were superior to non-trauma-focused interventions across trauma subgroups for PTSD symptoms, but effects among veterans and war-affected populations were significantly reduced. The network meta-analysis showed that multicomponent interventions that included cognitive restructuring and imaginal exposure were the most effective for reducing PTSD symptoms (k = 17; n = 1,077; mean difference = -37.95, 95% CI -60.84 to -15.16). Our use of a non-diagnostic inclusion strategy may have overlooked certain complex-trauma populations with severe and enduring mental health comorbidities. Additionally, the relative contribution of skills-based intervention components was not feasibly evaluated in the network meta-analysis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we observed that trauma-focused psychological interventions are effective for managing mental health problems and comorbidities in people exposed to complex trauma. Multicomponent interventions, which can include phase-based approaches, were the most effective treatment package for managing PTSD in complex trauma. Establishing optimal ways to deliver multicomponent psychological interventions for people exposed to complex traumatic events is a research and clinical priority.

We examined the feasibility and acceptability of using an immersive virtual reality environment (VRE) alongside cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for young people with autism experiencing specific phobia. Thirty-two participants were randomised to treatment or control. Treatment involved one session introducing CBT techniques and four VRE sessions, delivered by local clinical therapists. Change in target behaviour was independently rated. Two weeks after treatment, four treatment participants (25%) and no control participants were responders; at 6 months after treatment, six (38%) treatment and no control participants were responders. At 6 months post-treatment, symptoms had worsened for one treatment and five control (untreated) participants. Brief VRE exposure with CBT is feasible and acceptable to deliver through child clinical services and is effective for some participants.

Past meta-analyses in mental health interventions failed to use stringent inclusion criteria and diverse moderators, therefore, there is a need to employ more rigorous methods to provide evidence-based and updated results on this topic. This study presents an updated meta-analysis of interventions targeting anxiety or depression using more stringent inclusion criteria (e.g., baseline equivalence, no significant differential attrition) and additional moderators (e.g., sample size and program duration) than previous reviews. This meta-analysis includes 29 studies of 32 programs and 22,420 students (52% female, 79% White). Among these studies, 22 include anxiety outcomes and 24 include depression outcomes. Overall, school-based mental health interventions in grades K-12 are effective at reducing depression and anxiety (ES = 0.24, p = 0.002). Moderator analysis shows that improved outcomes for studies with anxiety outcomes, cognitive behavioral therapy, interventions delivered by clinicians, and secondary school populations. Selection modeling reveals significant publication and outcome selection bias. This meta-analysis suggests school-based mental health programs should strive to adopt cognitive behavioral therapy and deliver through clinicians at the secondary school level where possible.