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College admissions in the United States are decentralized, creating frictions that limit student choice. We study the Common Application (CA) platform, under which students submit a single application to member schools, potentially reducing frictions and increasing student choice. The CA increases the number of applications received by schools, reflecting a reduction in frictions, and reduces the yield on accepted students, reflecting increased choice. The CA increases out-of-state enrollment, especially from other CA states, consistent with network effects. Entry into the CA changes the composition of students, with evidence of more racial diversity and more high-income students and imprecise evidence of increases in SAT scores.

Against the backdrop of today's increasingly multicultural society, are America's elite colleges admitting and successfully educating a diverse student body? No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal pulls back the curtain on the selective college experience and takes a rigorous and comprehensive look at how race and social class impact each stage--from application and admission, to enrollment and student life on campus. Arguing that elite higher education contributes to both social mobility and inequality, the authors investigate such areas as admission advantages for minorities, academic achievement gaps tied to race and class, unequal burdens in paying for tuition, and satisfaction with college experiences. The book's analysis is based on data provided by the National Survey of College Experience, collected from more than nine thousand students who applied to one of ten selective colleges between the early 1980s and late 1990s. The authors explore the composition of applicant pools, factoring in background and \"selective admission enhancement strategies\"--including AP classes, test-prep courses, and extracurriculars--to assess how these strengthen applications. On campus, the authors examine roommate choices, friendship circles, and degrees of social interaction, and discover that while students from different racial and class circumstances are not separate in college, they do not mix as much as one might expect. The book encourages greater interaction among student groups and calls on educational institutions to improve access for students of lower socioeconomic status.

Recently, a distribution management system (DMS) that can conduct periodical system analysis and control by mounting various applications programs has been actively developed. In this paper, we summarize the development and demonstration of a database structure that can perform real-time system analysis and control of the Korean smart distribution management system (KSDMS). The developed database structure consists of a common information model (CIM)-based off-line database (DB), a physical DB (PDB) for DB establishment of the operating server, a real-time DB (RTDB) for real-time server operation and remote terminal unit data interconnection, and an application common model (ACM) DB for running application programs. The ACM DB for real-time system analysis and control of the application programs was developed by using a parallel table structure and a link list model, thereby providing fast input and output as well as high execution speed of application programs. Furthermore, the ACM DB was configured with hierarchical and non-hierarchical data models to reflect the system models that increase the DB size and operation speed through the reduction of the system, of which elements were unnecessary for analysis and control. The proposed database model was implemented and tested at the Gochaing and Jeju offices using a real system. Through data measurement of the remote terminal units, and through the operation and control of the application programs using the measurement, the performance, speed, and integrity of the proposed database model were validated, thereby demonstrating that this model can be applied to real systems.

This paper provides an approach to providing QOE enhancement for a multifaceted learning platform that includes streamed media content. We demonstrate how the QOE of a multifaceted platform can be enhanced using the Lighthouse tool. The Lighthouse tool helped improve the page load speed by 75%. We also demonstrate how the playback quality of the video streaming content can be enhanced using CMAF-formatted DASH content. When compared to single-bit rate media, DASH-based media provided better video playback quality. The study also evaluates the learners` preferences for specific interactive features of a learning platform. The least preferred feature uniquely had static content. The results of this study provide empirical data that would help instructional designers make feature selection choices that`s guided by empirical data and improve the QOE of their instructional learning platforms.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Motivating examples Mixture models Mixture of experts models A mixture of experts model for ranked preference data A mixture of experts latent position cluster model Discussion Acknowledgements References

Higher education is at a crossroads; increasing tuition, declining government support, low graduation rates, and controversy over whether students are making gains during college, have led many to call for the sector to innovate or perish. The reality is that institutions of higher education constantly introduce innovative policies and programs to improve outcomes and improve efficiency. Most of these innovations never gain recognition beyond the confines of the campus where they were originally introduced, but others are adopted by additional institutions and eventually become widespread. This dissertation examines four innovations that have been introduced since the late 1960s: test optional admissions policies, membership in the Common Application Association, no loan financial aid policies, and massive open online courses (MOOCs). Through the lens of diffusion of innovation theory, factors related to diffusion and adoption in higher education are considered. Specifically, the study looks at: (1) what types of institutions have adopted each of these four innovations and at what rates they have been adopted; (2) what factors are related to adoption; and (3) what similarities and differences exist between the four innovations that influence the type of adopter, adoption rate, and ultimately whether an institution adopts. To explore these questions, the study utilizes analysis of descriptive statistics and discrete-time survival analysis on a longitudinal data set of more than 1,300 four-year public and private not-for-profit institutions. Findings of the descriptive analyses suggest that the attributes of the innovation are related to both the types of institutions that adopt and the rate of adoption, and that adoption is related to prestige and competition. Findings of the survival analysis suggest that while characteristics of the institution, the social network within which the institution functions, and the environmental context for the institution all matter, the specific factors that impact adoption within each area are not consistent across the four innovations. In general, though findings were mixed, characteristics related to increased prestige (higher tuition, age, greater selectivity) are related to having higher odds of adoption, though the effect size and significance differ by innovation. Additionally, similar institutions and institutions within similar geographic regions also have greater odds of adopting.

The Denver Foundation launched what is now known as The Inclusiveness Project in 2002 to help nonprofits, including funders, become more inclusive of people of color. The Project defines diversity as one component of inclusiveness; inclusive organizations are defined as learning-centered organizations that value the perspectives and contributions of all people. An extensive evaluation has shown that there are impacts at individual, organizational and sector-wide levels. These impacts include increasing the number of people of color interested in careers in nonprofits, more organizations incorporating inclusiveness in policies and practices, and greater awareness and attention to disparities on the part of the funding community. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

This chapter contains sections titled: Ethynylbenzene Adsorption on Au(111) Dimerization of Thiols on Au(111) Molecular Dynamics of Nanoparticles Applications to Large Numbers of Atoms References

This chapter describes a step‐by‐step modernization process to redesign a legacy Common Business‐Oriented Language (COBOL) application to finally have a modern Java Web application. Java is used along with: user Interface (UI): Spring Web Model‐View‐Controller (MVC) as the presentation framework. The chapter explains the reverse engineering process for screens and the steps involved in creating a Unified Modeling Language™ (UML) model piece‐by‐piece. Pieces are intended to be connected with each other in a go‐with‐the‐flow manner. They are indeed assembled in order to satisfy the constraints imposed by BFE and its integrated metalanguage.

Guidelines for structure, spelling, use, and application of common names for vascular plants are presented.