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\"Social Movements Contesting Natural Resource Development presents numerous case studies exploring questions concerning rural social movements confronting land grabs, infrastructure corridors, mines, dams, resource processing plants, and pipelines. Natural resource development takes multiple forms such as deforestation and creation of plantations, dams, mines, pipelines, oil and gas drilling, fracking, many of which are driven by economic valuations, whist social and environmental effects are given limited consideration. In this volume authors discuss the emergence, process and outcomes of social movements with respect to these natural resource development projects, including examples of confrontation seeking to either block developments or promote alternative development approaches, such as agritourism. The examples taken from Africa, Asia, North America, Europe and Latin America demonstrate the diversity of struggles stimulated by natural resource development, including both immediate and longer-term effects, repertoires of action, political and cultural work. Taken together the case studies provide a rich overview of current movements engaged in resisting the neoliberal agenda of global resource exploitation. This book will be key reading for those interested in social movements, natural resource development, environmental policy, international development, rural development or global development. It will also be of interest to activists engaged in mobilizations stimulated by natural resource development projects\"-- Provided by publisher.

In conservation projects in and around protected areas (PAs), a suite of policy instruments are used to promote conservation behavior in local people. Few studies have related psychological research on motivational values to conservation in PAs. We conducted a systematic review of 120 peer-reviewed articles to assess the relative frequencies of policy instruments that aimed to foster intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations to conserve. We examined how the type of motivation engendered by the instrument (i.e., intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and based on the description of how the project was designed and implemented) influenced the ecological, economic, and social success of the project. We assessed the success of the project in only the case studies that included a quantitative or qualitative analysis of success. Projects designed to foster at least one intrinsically motivating instrument were 3 times more likely to meet socioeconomic or ecological goals. Although certain types of instruments such as payments or fines tended to be based on extrinsic motivators more often than education or monitoring programs, several successful projects involving payments or fines were linked to intrinsic motivation in the local community. Thus, our results suggest that rather than debating the relative merits of specific types of policy instruments, conservationists may have more success by focusing on how different motivators, suited to specific contexts, can better empower local communities to conserve. Broadly, our results suggest the current emphasis on social justice and well-being of local communities is a positive step toward protecting the world's remaining biodiversity. En los proyectos de conservación en y alrededor de las áreas protegidas (APs), un conjunto de instrumentos políticos es usado para promover el comportamiento de conservación entre la gente local. Pocos estudios han relacionado a la investigación psicológica sobre los valores motivacionales con la conservación en las APs. Realizamos una revisión sistemática de 120 artículos revisados por colegas para valorar las frecuencias relativas de los instrumentos políticos que buscaban fomentar las motivaciones intrínsecas para conservar contra las extrínsecas. Examinamos cómo los tipos de motivación generados por el instrumento (es decir, la motivación intrínseca o extrínseca y basado en la descripción de cómo el proyecto fue diseñado e implementado) influyeron sobre el éxito ecológico, económico y social del proyecto. Valoramos el éxito del proyecto sólo en los estudios de caso que incluyeron un análisis cualitativo o cuantitativo del éxito. Los proyectos diseñados para promover por lo menos un instrumento de motivación intrínseca tuvieron tres veces más probabilidad de alcanzar los objetivos ecológicos o socio-económicos. Aunque ciertos tipos de instrumentos, como los pagos o las multas, tuvieron la tendencia de estar basados en motivadores extrínsecos más veces que la educación o los programas de monitoreo, muchos proyectos exitosos que involucraban pagos o multas estuvieron conectados a la motivación intrínseca en la comunidad local. Por esto, nuestros resultados sugieren que en lugar de debatir los méritos relativos de los tipos específicos de instrumentos políticos, los conservacionistas pueden tener más éxito si se enfocan en cómo los motivadores diferentes, ajustados a contextos específicos, pueden empoderar de mejor manera a las comunidades locales para conservar. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que el énfasis actual sobre la justicia social y el bienestar de las comunidades locales es un paso positivo hacia la protección de la biodiversidad mundial restante.

Community‐based natural resource management is a common strategy for conserving biodiversity, but little is known about how such initiatives can scale appropriately and widely. We interviewed 80 experts across 5 widely adopted community‐based initiatives (in Chile, Nepal, Namibia, Madagascar, and Fiji) to understand their perspectives on the drivers of adoption and spread. We used general elimination methodology and diffusion of innovation theory to identify and rule out possible explanations. Factors consistently considered influential were economic and social benefits, compatibility with needs, support and facilitation by extension agencies, and the presence of international organizations. Initiatives aiming to scale should be designed to be flexible and aligned with adopters’ needs, and external organizations should coordinate resources for scaling out. Dependence on external support underscores the need for quality assistance, good practices by external actors, and understanding power relations and fairness, as well as the need to temper donor and policy expectations of scaling beyond supported and appropriate sites.

Protected areas fall far short of securing the space needed to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem function at a global scale and in the face of climate change. The prospects of conserving biodiversity in working landscapes help buffer the insularization effects of protected areas and hold great potential for biodiversity conservation on a landscape scale but depend on finding adequate space and a meaningful place in the lives of rural land users. Using a case study in southern Kenya, we show that the conservation of large open landscapes, biodiversity and the coexistence between wildlife and livestock can be achieved indirectly by reinforcing pastoral practices that depend on open space, mobility, social networks and institutional arrangements governing common‐pool resources. Pastoral practices and wildlife both depend on large multiscale interactions within interlinked social and ecological systems, which are threatened by land fragmentation, alienation and degradation. We show that large open spaces can be maintained by using a conservation approach starting from within community aspirations that emphasize the links between livelihoods, productivity, efficiency and resilience in pastoral economies and the secondary benefits of wildlife enterprises. Scaling up from an ecosystem to multi‐scale approach benefits pastoral communities by building resilience and new economic opportunities. In the process, the expanded scale conserves regional biodiversity and large free‐ranging herbivore and carnivore populations underpinning ecosystem function and the nationally important tourism industry centered on the Kenya–Tanzania boundary. The ‘inside‐out’ approach to the conservation of wildlife and biodiversity is place‐based, draws on local knowledge and informal governance arrangements and avoids the stigma of wildlife conservation driven by outside agencies. The human‐centered approach reinforces land health and spatial connectivity and encourages multi‐level and distributed governance arrangements embedded in large regional and national jurisdictions. Translated Kikemikali Maeneo ya uhifadhi, ukuzingatia mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, hayajafikia kiwango kinachohitajika kudumisha uendelevu wa bianuwai na utenda kazi wa ikolojia ulimwenguni. Kuhifadhi bianuwai kwenye ardhi inayotumika na watu yaweza kusaidia kuzuia maeneo ya uhifadhi kuwa visiwa, hivyo basi kuimarisha uwezo wa kuhifadhi bianuwai kwa maeneo makubwa ya mazingira. Lakini hili lategemea kupata nafasi ya kutosha, na umuhimu wake kutambulika katika maisha ya watumia ardhi vijijini. Kutumia uchunguzi wetu kwenye eneo la kusini mwa Kenya, twaonyesha ya kwamba uhifadhi wa maeneo makubwa ya mazingira yaliyowazi, uhifadhi ya bianuwai, na usawa wa utangamano baina ya wanyamapori na mifugo kwawezekana kupitia kuimaarisha tabia za ufugaji zinazotegemea maeneo yaliyowazi, uhamaji, mifumo ya kijamii, na mipangilio ya taasisi zinazoongoza rasilimali za watuwengi kwa pamoja. Mila na itikadi miongoni wa jamii za ufugaji, na wanyamapori, wote hutegemea mwingiliano ya kijamii na kiikolojia, ambayo inayotishiwa na ugavi wa ardhi, kutengwa na uharibifu. Tunaonyesha kwamba maeneo mengi ya ardhi yaliyo wazi yaweza kudumishwa kutumia njia ya uhifadhi mazingra ambayo inanzia ndani ya matamanio ya jamii, ambayo inasisitiza uhusiano kati ya riziki, tija, ufanisi, na ujasiri katika uchumi wa ufugaji, na pili, faida zinginezo zitokanazo na biashara zinazotegemea wanyamapori. Kupanua kiwango kutoka kwa mfumo mmoja wa ikolojia, hadi kwa mifumo nyingi, inafaidi jamii za wafugaji kwa kujenga ujasiri na fursa mpya za kiuchumi. Katika mchakato huo, kiwango kilichopanuliwa huhifadhi bianuwai ya kikanda pamoja na idadi kubwa ya wanyamapori, walanyasi na walanyama, ambao inashikiria utendakazi wa ikolojia pamoja na kumarisha chumi muhimu ya utalii kwenye eneo ya mipaka ya Kenya na nchi jirani ya Tanzania. Njia hii ya, “kuanzia ndani kuelekea nje\" kakita uhifadhi wa wanyamapori na bianuwai, hutofautiana kutoka mahali moja hadi nyingine, kulingana na ujuzi ulioko mtaani na mipango ya utawala isiyo rasmi na huzuia unyanyapaa unaotokana na uhifadhi wa wanyamapori ambao unaendeshwa na mashirika ya nje. Njia hii inayozingatia binadamu, huimarisha afya ya ardhi, uunganisho wa anga na pia inahimiza mipangilio ya utawala ya ngazi tofauti iliyowekwa kwenye mamlaka kuu ya kikanda na ya kitaifa. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Biodiversity conservation is undergoing a process of datafication, driven by calls for evidence‐based conservation and rapid technological advances. These developments promise to enhance conservation efforts, but they also raise ethical questions. While most existing research on conservation data justice focuses on large data sets and novel technologies, this paper explores data justice in community‐led conservation. We build on a conservation data justice framework, which distinguishes five dimensions of conservation data (composition, access, use, control, and consequences), by adding a sixth dimension: data collection. We apply this framework to two community‐led programs in Indonesian Borneo, supported by the Non‐Governmental Organization (NGO) Planet Indonesia. Through semi‐structured interviews with NGO staff and local community members, we examine how data justice is perceived and assessed in conservation practice. Respondents raised a variety of justice concerns. Overall, they viewed data composition and consequences positively, but raised critical concerns about access, use, and control. These findings help illustrate the variety of opportunities and challenges for data to enhance social justice in conservation and reveal the need for practical strategies to address the priorities and tradeoffs identified by ground‐level actors. Abstrak (Bahasa Indonesia) Konservasi keanekaragaman hayati sedang mengalami proses datafikasi, yang didorong oleh tuntutan terhadap konservasi berbasis bukti dan kemajuan teknologi yang pesat. Meskipun perkembangan ini menjanjikan peningkatan efektivitas upaya konservasi, hal ini juga menimbulkan pertanyaan‐pertanyaan etis. Sebagian besar penelitian yang ada tentang keadilan data konservasi berfokus pada kumpulan data skala besar dan teknologi baru. Kajian ini menawarkan perspektif berbasis lapangan dengan mengeksplorasi keadilan data dalam konservasi yang dipimpin oleh masyarakat. Kami mengembangkan kerangka kerja dari Pritchard et al. (2022), yang membedakan lima dimensi dalam data konservasi (komposisi, akses, penggunaan, kontrol, dan konsekuensi), dengan menambahkan dimensi keenam: pengumpulan data. Kami menerapkan kerangka ini pada dua program berbasis masyarakat di Kalimantan Indonesia, yang didukung oleh Yayasan Planet Indonesia (YPI). Melalui wawancara semi‐terstruktur dengan staf YPI dan anggota komunitas lokal, kami menelaah bagaimana berbagai dimensi keadilan data dipahami dan dinilai dalam praktik konservasi. Para responden mengemukakan beragam pertimbangan terkait keadilan. Secara umum, mereka menilai komposisi data dan konsekuensinya secara positif, namun mengemukakan kekhawatiran kritis terkait akses, penggunaan, dan kontrol data. Temuan ini menggambarkan berbagai peluang dan tantangan untuk memperkuat keadilan sosial dalam konservasi melalui praktek data, dan menunjukkan perlunya strategi praktis untuk merespons prioritas dan mengelola trade‐offs yang diidentifikasi oleh para pelaku di tingkat tapak.

The Kavango‐Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KaZa TFCA) is home to one of the largest populations of African savanna elephants (approximately 227,000), a species iconic for ecological balance but also a major driver of human–elephant conflict (HEC). This study investigates how spatial and socio‐economic factors shape household perceptions and tolerance towards elephants in the Zimbabwean part of KaZa TFCA. Using a survey sample of 668 households experiencing HEC, we analysed the impact of proximity to forests, protected areas and water points on conflict intensity and community responses. Our findings reveal that households closer to these conflict‐prone features experience higher exposure to elephants, resulting in significant tangible costs, such as crop loss and property damage, and increased emotional stress. Among these features, proximity to forests emerged as the strongest predictor of HEC, followed by protected areas, with water points having a lesser influence. Distance to these features was found to mediate tolerance through its effects on tangible costs, intangible benefits and mitigation efforts. Intangible benefits, including an appreciation of elephants' ecological roles and aesthetic value, emerged as the strongest determinants of tolerance, highlighting the importance of nurturing positive perceptions. However, the absence of tangible benefits, such as tourism revenue or financial incentives, coupled with the tangible costs of living alongside elephants, such as crop damage, significantly undermine household tolerance. The study stresses the need for spatially informed mitigation strategies, including participatory spatial planning, early‐warning systems and livelihood diversification through community‐based conservation initiatives. Establishing community conservancies in high‐conflict wards could provide tangible benefits while empowering communities to engage in wildlife management. These findings highlight the importance of integrating conservation objectives with the socio‐economic realities of local communities, offering pathways for coexistence in biodiversity hotspots like KaZa TFCA. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The pelagic thresher shark Alopias pelagicus is an Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species primarily threatened by overfishing. Indonesia is the world's largest shark fishing nation, and in Alor Island, thresher sharks have been a primary target for small-scale fishing communities for decades, sustaining subsistence livelihoods and serving as a protein source. With thresher shark populations continuously declining, there is a need for conservation measures to reduce shark mortality from fishing, while also securing the well-being of coastal communities. This study presents results and lessons learnt from a multi-faceted effort to reduce communities’ dependence on this Endangered shark species through a livelihood-based intervention complemented by collaborative species management and community outreach. Using a theory-based and statistical research design, we describe the approach taken in our intervention and its conservation outcomes. Total thresher shark catches were 91% lower among fishers who participated in our intervention compared to non-participants. Participating fishers also experienced increases in their income, in some cases by up to 525% relative to the income before the intervention. Occasional violations and challenges in the form of socio-political conflicts also occurred, yet these incidents acted as catalysts for regulatory change and reinforced stakeholder collaboration. This suggests overall positive outcomes and the potential for continued social change in shark conservation in the region over the long term. Our findings outline some generalizable lessons learnt for designing and implementing bottom-up livelihood-based interventions in other contexts.

Inclusive conservation approaches that effectively conserve biodiversity while improving human well-being are gaining traction in the face of the sixth mass extinction of biodiversity. Despite much theorization on the governance of inclusive conservation, empirical research on its practical implementation is urgently needed. Here, using a correlation network analysis and drawing on empirical results from 263 sites described on the web platform of the PANORAMA initiative (IUCN), we inductively identified global clusters of conservation outcomes in protected and conserved areas. These clusters represent five conservation foci or archetypes, namely (i) community-based conservation, (ii) sustainable management, (iii) conflict resolution, (iv) multi-level and co-governance, and (v) environmental protection and nature’s contribution to people. Our empirical approach further revealed that some dimensions of inclusive conservation are crucial as leverage points to manage protected areas related to these clusters successfully, namely improvements in the socio-cultural context and social cohesion, enhancing the status and participation of youth, women, and minorities, improved human health, empowerment of local communities, or reestablishment of dialogue and trust. We highlight inclusive interventions such as education and capacity building, development of alliances and partnerships, and enabling sustainable livelihoods, or governance arrangements led by Indigenous peoples and local communities or private actors, as levers to promote positive transformations in the social-ecological systems of protected areas. We argue that although some of the leverage points we identified are less targeted in current protected area management, they can represent powerful areas of intervention to enhance social and ecological outcomes in protected areas.

The overexploitation of biological resources severely threatens many species, requiring urgent and effective conservation interventions. Such interventions sometimes require governance structures that incorporate pluralist perspectives and collaborative decision‐making, especially in complex, multi‐faceted and multi‐scale issues like the illegal trade in pangolins. We used Q‐methodology to provide evidence to inform interventions for pangolin conservation in south‐east Nigeria. We sampled stakeholder groups associated with pangolin use and protection, including hunters, wild meat traders and Nigeria Customs Service employees, to elicit their opinion and knowledge on the use and perceptions of pangolins and their preferences for interventions to reduce pangolin decline. We found that the local consumption of pangolin meat as food is the primary driver of poaching in the region. This contradicts popular opinions that pangolins are specifically targeted for international trade, revealing an opportunity for site‐level behaviour change interventions. The different stakeholder groups identified awareness‐raising campaigns, law enforcement, community stewardship programs and ecotourism as preferred interventions, whose effectiveness we attempted to assess using reported case studies. We observed different perspectives between people associated with pangolin poaching and use (predominantly those living around pangolin habitats, including hunters and wild meat traders) and those working to protect them (such as conservation organisations and Nigeria Customs Service employees). For example, the first group supported community stewardship programs, while the latter preferred awareness‐raising and law enforcement efforts. This divergence in perspectives underpins the need for a combination of targeted interventions at the site level to engage different stakeholders while highlighting the potential challenges to collaborative decision‐making for species threatened by illegal wildlife trade. Policy implications. Our results stress the importance of targeted and context‐specific conservation interventions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Recent concerns over a crisis of identity and legitimacy in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) have emerged following several decades of documented failure. A substantial literature has developed on the reasons for failure in CBNRM. In this paper, we complement this literature by considering these factors in relation to two successful CBNRM case studies. These cases have distinct differences, one focusing on the conservation of hirola in Kenya on community-held trust land and the other focusing on remnant vegetation conservation from grazing pressure on privately held farm land in Australia. What these cases have in common is that both CBNRM projects were initiated by local communities with strong attachments to their local environments. The projects both represent genuine community initiatives, closely aligned to the original aims of CBNRM. The intrinsically high level of “ownership” held by local residents has proven effective in surviving many challenges which have affected other CBNRM projects: from impacts on local livelihoods to complex governance arrangements involving non-government organizations and research organizations. The cases provide some signs of hope among broader signs of crisis in CBNRM practice.