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Dans la deuxième partie de cet essai, je tâche de montrer que Leibniz, en soutenant que les corps sont des agrégats, veut affirmer quelque chose à propos des corps en tant qu’ils existent a parte rei ou en réalité: en réalité, un corps n’est pas un être, mais une multitude d’êtres ou de substances. Et ceci, selon moi, est précisément ce qui pousse Leibniz à affirmer que les corps sont des phénomènes : puisqu’en réalité un corps n’est pas un être, mais plutôt une multitude d’êtres, il suit qu’un corps, conçu comme un être, est quelque chose qui existe seulement objectivement dans l’âme. C’est à dire, un corps, conçu comme une chose, n’est pas un être réel, mais un être imaginaire, un phénomène.

On sait bien que Leibniz caractérise les corps de deux manières apparemment incompatibles. D’un côté, il affirme qu’un corps est un phénomène réel ou bien fondé. De l’autre, il soutient qu’un corps est un agrégat qui possède une réalité empruntée aux substances qu’il contient. Dans cet essai je tâche de défendre une explication du rapport qui existe, selon Leibniz, entre ces deux conceptions des corps, une explication qui montre que ces conceptions sont compatibles et, en fait, complémentaires. Dans la première partie de cet essai, je tente de montrer surtout que Robert Adams et Donald Rutherford ont tort de croire que l’une de ces conceptions peut se concilier avec l’autre en raison du fait que, selon Leibniz, toutes les deux peuvent s’appliquer à une même chose.

Contrairement aux substances individuelles, les entia per aggregationem de Leibniz n’ont pas d’unité per se et leur être est dit ‘mental’ ou ‘semi-mental’. Certains auteurs en ont conclu que Leibniz tenait les agrégats pour des entités dépendantes de l’esprit. Je vais soutenir que cette inférence est incorrecte et que le meilleur moyen de penser un agrégat est de le concevoir comme une pluralité d’entités. Il suit que les agrégats sont tout aussi réels que les entités qu’ils contiennent et qu’il y a ou, dans tous les cas, il peut y avoir des agrégats entièrement indépendants de l’esprit.

The analysis of body composition (fat, bone and muscle) is an important process throughout the biomedical sciences. This is the first book to offer a clear and detailed introduction to the key methods and techniques in body composition analysis and to explain the importance of body composition data in the context of sport, exercise and health. With contributions from some of the world's leading body composition specialists, the book goes further than any other in demonstrating the practical and applied value of body composition analysis in areas such as performance sport and weight control in clinical populations. The book pays particular attention to the important concept of change in body composition, and includes discussion of ethical issues in the collection, interpretation and presentation of data, and considerations when working with special populations. Bridging the gap between research methods and practical application, this book is important reading for advanced students and practitioners working in sport and exercise science, health science, anatomy, nutrition, physical therapy or ergonomics.

Understanding how, why, and when individuals create particular self-meanings has preoccupied scholars for decades, leading to an explosion of research on identity work. We conducted a wide-ranging review of this literature with the aim of presenting an overarching framework that comprehensively summarizes and integrates the vast amount of recent research in this domain. Drawing on our analysis of the empirical literature, we present an enhanced conceptual understanding of identity work. We then summarize the four dominant theoretical approaches researchers have used to explain how, when, and why individuals engage in identity work. This side-by-side comparison of these theoretical perspectives allows us to parse out the unique contribution of each theoretical lens and highlights how these theories can be integrated into a holistic view of an inherently multifaceted concept. Lastly, we critically analyze the state of the field and lay a detailed roadmap for future researchers to draw from to expand our current understanding of how individuals work on their identities in occupations and organizations.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. This new report, the sixth in a series of reports presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, establishes nutrient recommendations on water, potassium, and salt for health maintenance and the reduction of chronic disease risk. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate discusses in detail the role of water, potassium, salt, chloride, and sulfate in human physiology and health. The major findings in this book include the establishment of Adequate Intakes for total water (drinking water, beverages, and food), potassium, sodium, and chloride and the establishment of Tolerable Upper Intake levels for sodium and chloride. The book makes research recommendations for information needed to advance the understanding of human requirements for water and electrolytes, as well as adverse effects associated with the intake of excessive amounts of water, sodium, chloride, potassium, and sulfate. This book will be an invaluable reference for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, and food manufacturers.

Basic Concepts of Clinical Electrophysiology in Audiology is a revolutionary textbook, combining the research and expertise of both distinguished experts and up-and-coming voices in the field. By taking a multidisciplinary approach to the subject, the editors of this graduate-level text break down all aspects of electrophysiology to make it accessible to audiology students. In addition to defining the basics of the tools of the trade and their routine uses, the authors also provide ample presentations of new approaches currently undergoing continuing research and development. The goal of this textbook is to give developing audiologists a broad and solid basis of understanding of the methods in common or promising practice.

Conceptual change research investigates the processes through which learners substantially revise prior knowledge and acquire new concepts. Tracing its heritage to paradigms and paradigm shifts made famous by Thomas Kuhn, conceptual change research focuses on understanding and explaining learning of the most the most difficult and counter-intuitive concepts. Now in its second edition, the International Handbook of Research on Conceptual Change provides a comprehensive review of the conceptual change movement and of the impressive research it has spawned on students' difficulties in learning. In thirty-one new and updated chapters, organized thematically and introduced by Stella Vosniadou, this volume brings together detailed discussions of key theoretical and methodological issues, the roots of conceptual change research, and mechanisms of conceptual change and learner characteristics. Combined with chapters that describe conceptual change research in the fields of physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and health, and history, this handbook presents writings on interdisciplinary topics written for researchers and students across fields.