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The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients at risk of CVD. Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (from inception to January 2023). Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% CI were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. A pooled analysis of 14 randomised controlled trials (RCT) with 17 effect sizes revealed that CLA supplementation led to significant reductions in body weight (WMD: −0·72 kg, 95% CI: −1·11, −0·33, P < 0·001), BMI (WMD: −0·22 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0·44, −0·00, P = 0·037) and body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: −1·32 %, 95% CI: −2·24, −0·40, P = 0·005). However, there was no effect on lipid profile and blood pressure in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, CLA supplementation may yield a small but significant beneficial effect on anthropometric indices in patients at risk of CVD. Moreover, CLA seems not to have adverse effects on lipid profiles and blood pressure in patients at risk of CVD. It should be noted that the favourable effects of CLA supplementation on anthropometric variables were small and may not reach clinical importance.

Objective This study aims to comprehensively analyze the role of metabolic signatures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods A total of 599 samples, including fecal ( n  = 206), plasma ( n  = 206), and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples ( n  = 187), were collected from 443 individuals with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, and controls. Fecal, plasma and PBMC samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, RNA sequencing and 4D DIA proteomics, respectively. A collagen-induced arthritis mouse model was used to investigate the role of the metabolite conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in experimental arthritis. An RA clinical cohort ( n  = 26) was recruited to validate the potential role of CLA as an adjunct to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) therapy. Results Multi-omics analysis revealed comprehensive alterations in metabolic signatures (metabolism-related molecules, metabolites, and metabolic pathways) in RA. Lipid metabolism pathways, particularly linoleic acid metabolism, appear to play a significant regulatory role in RA progression. Metabolites and molecules involved in linoleic acid metabolism were significantly associated with clinical phenotypes in RA patients. In animal experiments, CLA reduced arthritis scores, swollen joint counts, histopathological scores, and inflammatory levels. Finally, CLA supplementation accelerated the reduction of inflammatory levels in RA patients receiving csDMARDs therapy. Conclusion These findings reveal lipid metabolism as a druggable axis, position dietary CLA as an adjunct to improve outcomes in RA, and offer a new avenue to enhance remission rates.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of meat biofortified with antioxidants and canola oil on the health of older adults through blood parameters. Eighty institutionalized older persons were divided into four groups who received the following treatments: C-control meat with 46 µg/kg of meat with selenium, 3.80 g/kg of meat with vitamin E and 0.78 g/100 g of meat with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA); A-antioxidant meat with 422 µg/kg of meat with selenium, 7.65 g/kg of meat with vitamin E and 0.85 g/100 g of meat with CLA; O-oil meat with 57 µg/kg of meat with selenium, 3.98 g/kg of meat with vitamin E and 1.27 g/100 g of meat with CLA; OA-oil and antioxidant meat with 367 µg/kg of meat with selenium, 7.78 g/kg of meat with vitamin E and 1.08 g/100 g of meat with CLA. Blood samples were collected at 0, 45 and 90 days after the start of meat intake. Older adults who consumed ANT (A and AO) meat had higher concentrations of selenium (p = 0.039), vitamin E and HDL (higher concentrations of high-density lipoprotein, p = 0.048) in their blood. This study demonstrates that the consumption of Se- and vitamin E-biofortified meat increases the concentration of these metabolites in blood from older adults.

Background Microbial production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has garnered wide attention for the possibility to increase the CLA content in food products, therefore achieving higher concentrations of beneficial compounds for consumers. However, this approach has only been done using metabolically active cells, particularly in Bifidobacterium spp., thus being a major limitation given the anaerobic and fastidious nature of bifidobacteria. In this study, we aimed to investigate the capacity of Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 (KACC81214BP) to convert free linoleic acid (LA) into CLA using growing cells and postbiotic preparations (washed cells and crude protein extracts) as catalysts. Results Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 demonstrated high CLA production as early as 6 h and continued to increase until 12–15 h of incubation. Moreover, CLA production was observed in JKL2022 washed cells (97.42 ± 3.64%) and crude protein fractions (33.87 ± 4.05%– 103.65 ± 2.70%) obtained after cell lysis, highlighting its superior CLA-converting activity compared to the B. breve JCM strains. In vitro CLA reaction conditions were optimal at pH 7.0, following the first-order kinetics within the first 5 min of reaction, and the extraction efficiency of the isopropanol-hexane protocol increased after adjusting the pH to 5.0–5.5. Finally, RT-qPCR and in silico analysis revealed a strong correlation between the expression levels of lai (JKL2022_00014) and tetR (JKL2022_00217) genes, suggesting the potential role of TetR in upregulating the lai gene expression in JKL2022 that could explain the LA conversion in washed JKL2022 cells. Conclusions The ability of B. breve JKL2022 strain to convert free LA to CLA during growth, as well as using washed cells and crude protein extracts, suggests strain specificity and superior enzymatic activity. In addition to its potential application as a probiotic strain with CLA-enhancing properties, washed JKL2022 cells or crude protein extracts can be developed as postbiotic preparations for the same purpose.

Trans fatty acids are produced either by industrial hydrogenation or by biohydrogenation in the rumens of cows and sheep. Industrial trans fatty acids lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The effects of trans fatty acids from ruminants are less clear. We investigated the effect on blood lipids of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a trans fatty acid largely restricted to ruminant fats. Sixty-one healthy women and men were sequentially fed each of three diets for three weeks, in random order, for a total of nine weeks. Diets were identical except for 7% of energy (approximately 20 g/day), which was provided either by oleic acid, by industrial trans fatty acids, or by a mixture of 80% cis-9, trans-11 and 20% trans-10, cis-12 CLA. After the oleic acid diet, mean (+/- SD) serum LDL cholesterol was 2.68+/-0.62 mmol/L compared to 3.00+/-0.66 mmol/L after industrial trans fatty acids (p<0.001), and 2.92+/-0.70 mmol/L after CLA (p<0.001). Compared to oleic acid, HDL-cholesterol was 0.05+/-0.12 mmol/L lower after industrial trans fatty acids (p = 0.001) and 0.06+/-0.10 mmol/L lower after CLA (p<0.001). The total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio was 11.6% higher after industrial trans fatty acids (p<0.001) and 10.0% higher after CLA (p<0.001) relative to the oleic acid diet. High intakes of an 80:20 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA raise the total to HDL cholesterol ratio in healthy volunteers. The effect of CLA may be somewhat less than that of industrial trans fatty acids. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00529828.

Recent advances in chromatographic identification of CLA isomers, combined with interest in their possible properties in promoting human health (e.g., cancer prevention, decreased atherosclerosis, improved immune response) and animal performance (e.g., body composition, regulation of milk fat synthesis, milk production), has renewed interest in biohydrogenation and its regulation in the rumen. Conventional pathways of biohydrogenation traditionally ignored minor fatty acid intermediates, which led to the persistence of oversimplified pathways over the decades. Recent work is now being directed toward accounting for all possible trans-18:1 and CLA products formed, including the discovery of novel bioactive intermediates. Modern microbial genetics and molecular phylogenetic techniques for identifying and classifying microorganisms by their small-subunit rRNA gene sequences have advanced knowledge of the role and contribution of specific microbial species in the process of biohydrogenation. With new insights into the pathways of biohydrogenation now available, several attempts have been made at modeling the pathway to predict ruminal flows of unsaturated fatty acids and biohydrogenation intermediates across a range of ruminal conditions. After a brief historical account of major past accomplishments documenting biohydrogenation, this review summarizes recent advances in 4 major areas of biohydrogenation: the microorganisms involved, identification of intermediates, the biochemistry of key enzymes, and the development and testing of mathematical models to predict biohydrogenation outcomes.

Preliminary evidence suggests that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may reduce body weight and affect body composition. The present study assessed the effect of CLA supplementation on body fat composition in overweight and obese women, while also evaluating the liver safety of CLA use. Seventy-four obese or overweight women were randomly assigned to receive 3 g/day CLA or placebo for 12 weeks. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and liver function (13C-methacetin breath test and serum liver enzymes) were assessed before and after the trial. Patients receiving CLA experienced a significant reduction of total body fat expressed as mass (p = 0.0007) and percentage (p = 0.0006), android adipose tissue (p = 0.0002), gynoid adipose tissue (p = 0.0028), and visceral adipose tissue (p = 4.2 × 10−9) as well as a significant increase in lean body mass to height (p = 6.1 × 10−11) when compared to those receiving a placebo. The maximum momentary 13C recovery changes and end-point values were significantly higher in the CLA group when compared to the placebo group (p = 0.0385 and p = 0.0076, respectively). There were no significant changes in alanine aminotransferase, asparagine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities between the groups. In conclusion, CLA supplementation was well tolerated and safe for the liver, which shows beneficial effects on fat composition in overweight and obese women.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomers have attracted great interest because of their potential health benefits. Formation of CLA and CLNA takes place in the rumen during biohydrogenation. Several studies have indicated that certain types of intestinal bacteria, including bifidobacteria, are able to convert linoleic acid (LA) to CLA. The role of intestinal bacteria in the formation of CLNA isomers is largely unknown. In the present study, a screening of 36 different Bifidobacterium strains for their ability to produce CLA and CLNA from free LA and α-linolenic acid (LNA), respectively, was performed. The strains were grown in MRS broth, to which LA or LNA (0.5 mg ml⁻¹) were added after 7 h of bacterial growth. Cultures were further incubated at 37°C for 72 h. Six strains (four Bifidobacterium breve strains, a Bifidobacterium bifidum strain and a Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain) were able to produce different CLA and CLNA isomers. Conversion percentages varied from 19.5% to 53.5% for CLA production and from 55.6% to 78.4% for CLNA production among these strains. The CLA isomers produced were further identified with Ag⁺-HPLC. LA was mainly converted to t9t11-CLA and c9t11-CLA. The main CLNA isomers were identified with GC-MS as c9t11c15-CLNA and t9t11c15-CLNA.

The present study aimed to review the association of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consumption in two forms, foods enriched in CLA and CLA supplements, with serum lipid profile in human studies. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Search process was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science Direct. Clinical trials that investigated the association of CLA intakes either in the form of supplements or enriched foods with lipid profile in healthy adults were included. All outcomes were recorded as continuous variables, and the effect size was measured by analysis of the mean and standard deviation before and after the intervention for case and control groups. Healthy adult population. CLA supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.218; 95% CI -0.358, -0.077; P = 0.002), a non-significant decrease in HDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.051; 95% CI -0.188, 0.086; P = 0.468), a non-significant increase in total cholesterol (mean difference = 0.009; 95% CI -0.128, 0.146; P = 0.896) and a non-significant decrease in TAG (mean difference = -0.065; 95% CI -0.20, 0.07; P = 0.344). Foods enriched with CLA were associated with significantly decreased LDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.231; 95% CI -0.438, -0.024; P = 0.028), non-significantly increased HDL-C (mean difference = 0.075; 95% CI -0.121, 0.270; P=0.455), non-significantly decreased total cholesterol (mean difference = -0.158; 95% CI -0.349, 0.042; P = 0.124) and non-significantly decreased TAG (mean difference = -0.078; 95% CI -0.274, 0.117; P = 0.433). According to our analysis, consumption of foods enriched with CLA or CLA supplements has favourable effects on LDL cholesterol levels.

Phosphoproteomics is a cutting-edge technique that can be utilized to explore adipose tissue (AT) metabolism by quantifying the repertoire of phospho-peptides (PP) in AT. Dairy cows were supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, n = 5) or a control diet (CON, n = 5) from 63 d prepartum to 63 d postpartum; cows were slaughtered at 63 d postpartum and AT was collected. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis of subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) AT using nanoUPLC-MS/MS and examined the effects of CLA supplementation on the change in the phosphoproteome. A total of 5919 PP were detected in AT, and the abundance of 854 (14.4%) were differential between CON and CLA AT (p ≤ 0.05 and fold change ± 1.5). The abundance of 470 PP (7.9%) differed between OM and SC AT, and the interaction treatment vs. AT depot was significant for 205 PP (3.5% of total PP). The integrated phosphoproteome demonstrated the up- and downregulation of PP from proteins related to lipolysis and lipogenesis, and phosphorylation events in multiple pathways, including the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, mTOR signaling, insulin signaling, AMPK signaling, and glycolysis. The differential regulation of phosphosite on a serine residue (S777) of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in AT of CLA-supplemented cows was related to lipogenesis and with more phosphorylation sites compared to acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACSS2). Increased protein phosphorylation was seen in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA;8 PP), FASN (9 PP), hormone sensitive lipase (LIPE;6 PP), perilipin (PLIN;3 PP), and diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLA;1 PP) in CLA vs. CON AT. The relative gene expression in the SC and OM AT revealed an increase in LIPE and FASN in CLA compared to CON AT. In addition, the expression of DAGLA, which is a lipid metabolism enzyme related to the endocannabinoid system, was 1.6-fold higher in CLA vs. CON AT, and the expression of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 was reduced in CLA vs. CON AT. Immunoblots of SC and OM AT showed an increased abundance of FASN and a lower abundance of CB1 in CLA vs. CON. This study presents a complete map of the SC and the OM AT phosphoproteome in dairy cows following CLA supplementation and discloses many unknown phosphorylation sites, suggestive of increased lipid turnover in AT, for further functional investigation.