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A traditional dairy product from northern Colombia is suero costeño (SC), typically handmade through artisanal processes involving the natural fermentation of raw cow’s milk (RM); it is characterized by a creamy texture and a distinctive sensory profile, with a sour/salty taste and rancid odor. This study aimed to determine the chemical identity (using GC-FID/MSD) of SC and RM samples (from eight locations in the department of Córdoba-Colombia) by analyzing volatile components (trapped by HS-SPME and SDE) and fatty acid content. Consequently, the most notable results were as follows: (a) myristic (7–12%), stearic (12–17%), oleic (13–23%), and palmitic (21–29%) acids were the most abundant constituents [without significant differences among them (p > 0.05)] in both RM and SC fats; these were also expressed as polyunsaturated (2–5%), monounsaturated (26–36%), saturated (59–69%), omega-9 (19–30%), omega-6 (0.5–1.6%), and omega-3 (0.2–1.2%) fatty acids; (b) differences in the composition (p < 0.05) of the volatile fractions were distinguished between RM and SC samples; likewise, the SC samples differed (from each other) in their volatile composition due to the preparation processes applied (processes with raw milk and natural fermentation had less variability); nonetheless, it was possible to determine the volatilome for the artisanal product; and (c) the major components responsible for the chemical identity of SC were ethyl esters (of linear saturated and unsaturated acids, short/medium chains), aliphatic alcohols (linear/branched, short/long chains), aliphatic aldehydes (long chains, >C14), alkyl methyl ketones (long chains, >C11), sesquiterpenes (caryophyllane/humulane types), monoterpenes (mono/bi-cyclics), short-chain fatty acids, and aromatic alcohol/acid, among others.

Background Ticks have a negative effect on dairy and beef cattle production systems around the world, with the concomitant risk they represent for the transmission of some important infectious diseases. Colombian cattle breeds are distributed across different agroecological regions and are exposed to different environmental challenges. In humid and warmer climates such as those from the tropics, tick burden and heat stress are important factors that can compromise livestock performance. The aim of this study was to characterize tick burden in four Colombian cattle breeds and evaluate the relationship between heat stress and tick burden in Bos taurus cattle under tropical conditions. Tick counting was conducted in 1332 cattle from Romosinuano (ROMO), Costeño con Cuernos (CCC), San Martinero (SM) and Blanco Orejinegro (BON) breeds, located in the Caribbean, Orinoquia and Andean regions. Vital signs and environmental variables were taken to calculate an adaptability index (AI) and a temperature humidity index (THI). An AI < 2 indicates maximum adaptability while an AI ≥ 2 indicates a state of lower adaptability. In beef cattle, productivity starts to be affected by heat stress when environmental conditions allow an estimation of a THI > 75. Results Results showed a differing distribution of ticks on the body of individuals that varied according to the agroecological region. There was a significant effect of breed, sex, family, age and live weight on cattle tick burden. The lowest tick burden was observed in the ROMO breed (12.8 ± 2.6), while the highest tick burden was observed in CCC (31.8 ± 2.3), which were located in the same agroecological region. SM and ROMO animals with an AI > 2 had a higher tick burden than their counterparts that had an AI < 2. Conclusions Cattle breed, sex, age and live weight affect the tick burden in Bos taurus Colombian cattle breeds. The tick burden is higher in cattle with lower adaptability to heat stress. Moreover, it decreases as heat stress levels increase in a tropical environment. The interaction between tick burden and environmental heat stress can be affected by characteristics of the agroecological region itself, the breed and the genetic resistance of the individual tick, as well as the thermal adaptability of cattle.

Frying is one of the most widely used food transformation processes in the world, due to its speed and the sensory characteristics acquired by fried products. Advances in food technology have helped to describe the mass transfer processes that occur during the frying of some products. However, although these properties are described in most foods for industrial use, few studies have been carried out on artisanal products such as Colombian Queso Costeño. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the processes of moisture and oil transfer during the frying of this product, using a multilevel design 32, with two factors and three levels each other: temperature (140°C, 160°C and 180°C) and frying time (60, 120 and 180 seconds). The results obtained showed that the moisture content is reduced with increasing time and temperature, and on the contrary, the amount of oil increased under the same physical conditions, which may be due to the high moisture fraction and the short processing time. In conclusion, the increase in temperature and frying time resulted in lower moisture content and higher oil absorption.

The effects on the texture, rheology, and microstructure of costeño-type artisan cheese caused by the substitution and reduction of NaCl and the increase in cooking temperature during cheese production were studied using a multiscale approach that correlates responses at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The decrease in the NaCl content, the partial substitution by KCl, and the increase in the cooking temperature before the serum drainage showed physicochemical, textural, and rheological differences between the cheeses. The microstructure was not affected by the reduction in salt or by modifications in the cheese making. The cheeses with an increase in the cooking temperature before the whey drainage stage and reduced NaCl by 5% and 7.5% (Q2 and Q3, respectively) showed similarity with the physicochemical composition and textural attributes of the control cheese (QC). Overall, this study contributes to the design of cheeses with specific functionalities through multiscale modeling.

From late 1926 to early 1934, the Nicaraguan nationalist leader General Augusto C. Sandino (1895—1934) sought to bridge a historical cultural boundary by bringing his social revolutionary project from the region of Las Segovias in Western Nicaragua to the country's Atlantic Coast region. This article examines these efforts and the reception of the peoples of the Atlantic Coast (Costeños) to Sandino's rebellion against US intervention in Nicaragua and Latin America. Intervening in a series of debates stretching back to the 1980s and before, the author consults a wide range of primary sources to argue that a critical mass of Costeños rejected Sandino's brand of Nicaraguan nationalism in favor of their own forms of historically rooted struggle meant to enhance their communities' autonomy, independence, power, and dignity in the face of multiple internal and external threats and opportunities. The responses of Miskitu Indians and Spanish-speaking wage laborers receive special attention, as do regional variations in political economies and sociocultural geographies. The essay builds on recent scholarship emphasizing the cultural and historical agency of Costeños in shaping their own history and is published in tandem with an online documentary and interpretive annex offering open access to over 2,000 digital images of nearly 1,000 primary documents from archives and repositories in the United States, Nicaragua, and Great Britain, at www.Sandino Rebellion.com.

The article fundamentally endorses Schroeder's findings that Augusto Sandino failed to develop a significant base among the peoples of the Atlantic Coast. This article also places Schroeder's argument in a comparative perspective, as it discusses the early 1930s rural mobilization in El Salvador, outlining how the Salvadoran left's social egalitarian appeals compensated for a degree of cultural insensitivity and lack of knowledge regarding the indigenous peoples of the western part of the country. The article also questions the placement of the mining area as outside of the Atlantic Coast region. It suggests the historical connections of Miskitu Indians and the mining communities and in so doing modifies, to a degree, Schroeder's argument about the desencuentro between Sandino and the indigenous people.

In this response article to Michael Schroeder's contribution “Cultural Geographies of Grievance and War: Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast Region in the First Sandinista Revolution, 1927—1934\", the author argues that Sandino's limited success in the region was not mainly the result of an erroneous view of the local situation. His main difficulty was the absence of a coherent Atlantic Coast society and culture. In view of the mosaic of heterogeneous groups involved in long-standing rivalries or recent conflicts immersed in the racist environment of the enclave economy, a political project that could have integrated all major population groups was impossible. Sandinista propaganda did not merely consist of lofty nationalist and spiritualist jargon. There were also efforts to address the concrete problems of the people on the Atlantic Coast, such as economic depression and unemployment, and the Moravian missionaries' attempt to enforce strict sexual morals in indigenous and Creole settlements.

Un grupo de 53 bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) aisladas del suero costeño, fueron sometidas a estudios preliminares in vitro simulando las condiciones del tracto digestivo, para determinar sus características como potenciales probióticos: se evaluó la tolerancia a pH ácido (MRS pH: 2,0) y sales biliares (MRS con sales biliares al 0,3%) y posteriormente se determinó la población sobreviviente como log UFC/ml. A las cepas tolerantes a las condiciones mencionadas, se les determinó la resistencia a 14 antibióticos de uso comercial, se evaluó la adhesión a mucus intestinal y la producción de ácido láctico por cromatografía líquida de alta precisión (HPLC). Se encontró que 54,7% de las BAL evaluadas son tolerantes a las condiciones de pH ácido y 49,1 a 0,3% de sales biliares con una población de 10(6) log UFC/ml en promedio. Siete cepas fueron seleccionadas por presentar sensibilidad a vancomicina antibiótico de importancia epidemiológica y se adhirieron a mucus intestinal, reuniendo las condiciones requeridas para considerarse como potencialmente probióticas. Adicionalmente la cuantificación de ácido láctico para las cepas seleccionadas presentó un rango entre 0,13 ± 0,05 y 1,0 ± 0,08 g/l.A group of 53 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from costal serum were evaluated with preliminary in vitro studies simulating the conditions of the digestive tract, to determine their characteristics as potential probiotics; acid pH tolerance (MRS pH: 2.0) and bile salts (MRS with 0.3% bile salts) and subsequently the surviving population was determined as log CFU/ml. Strains tolerant to such conditions were evaluated for resistance to 14 antibiotics of commercial use; we assessed adherence to intestinal mucus and the production of lactic acid by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was shown that 54.7% of the LAB evaluated were tolerant to acid pH conditions and 49.1 to 0.3% bile salts with a population of 10(6) log CFU/ml on average. Seven strains were selected by antibiotic vancomycin tenderness of epidemiological importance and adhered to intestinal mucus, meeting the requirements to be considered as potentially probiotic. Additionally, the quantification of lactic acid in the selected strains showed a range between 0.13 and 1.0 ± 0.05 ± 0.08 g/l.

This chapter analyzes how Afro-descendant English-speaking Creoles in Nicaragua are currently reimaging their collective identity in the context of multicultural policies that extend collective rights to indigenous and Afro-peoples.

Este artículo analiza la inclusión del Chocó en la Liga Costeña, una iniciativa regional liderada principalmente por empresarios y políticos del Caribe colombiano entre 1918 y 1920. En términos metodológicos, se hace uso de los recientes enfoques sobre los estudios regionales, particularmente de aquellos que insisten en la necesidad de concebir las regiones como espacios forjados por la circulación de personas e ideas. Se concluye que la inclusión del territorio chocoano en la Liga Costeña, por un lado, obedeció a conexiones históricas tejidas por habitantes de ambos espacios, y por otro, fue producto de la necesidad de articular una respuesta común frente a los efectos que el proceso de centralización del Estado colombiano tuvo en Chocó y la costa Caribe a comienzos del siglo XX.