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This research concerns the production of three electrospun scaffolds: the first produced from a synthetic polymer, polycaprolactone (PCL); the second from a natural polymer, porcine gelatin type A, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapors (G); and the third from a mixture of both in a 50/50 (m/m) PCL/G composition. The objective of this paper  is to define the operating parameters for electrospinning the substances and to perform a mechanical evaluation of the resulting scaffolds using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Initially, defective scaffolds with lumpy fibers were obtained, but adjusting the variables resulted in scaffolds with a smooth, porous fibrous morphology. DMA was applied to the three scaffolds, and the storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E’’), and damping factor (tan δ) were determined for each to estimate the state transition temperature. The main results yielded matrices with suitable morphologies and viscoelastic behavior, making them promising candidates for use in tissue regeneration.

For the first time, phytosiderophore (PS) release of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Tamaro) grown on a calcareous soil was repeatedly and nondestructively sampled using rhizoboxes combined with a recently developed root exudate collecting tool. As in nutrient solution culture, we observed a distinct diurnal release rhythm; however, the measured PS efflux was c. 50 times lower than PS exudation from the same cultivar grown in zero iron (Fe)‐hydroponic culture. Phytosiderophore rhizosphere soil solution concentrations and PS release of the Tamaro cultivar were soil‐dependent, suggesting complex interactions of soil characteristics (salinity, trace metal availability) and the physiological status of the plant and the related regulation (amount and timing) of PS release. Our results demonstrate that carbon and energy investment into Fe acquisition under natural growth conditions is significantly smaller than previously derived from zero Fe‐hydroponic studies. Based on experimental data, we calculated that during the investigated period (21–47 d after germination), PS release initially exceeded Fe plant uptake 10‐fold, but significantly declined after c. 5 wk after germination. Phytosiderophore exudation observed under natural growth conditions is a prerequisite for a more accurate and realistic assessment of Fe mobilization processes in the rhizosphere using both experimental and modeling approaches.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationships between total population (POP), household and similar waste (DMA), and greenhouse gas emissions (GES) in Algeria from 2010 to 2023. The study explores trends in these variables and employs the Granger causality test to assess causal relationships between population growth, waste production, and emissions. Findings provide insights into the interdependencies among these factors. Recommendations for improving waste management through circular economy practices are also discussed.   Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework is based on the interrelationship between population growth, waste production, and greenhouse gas emissions. It posits that as population increases, household waste generation rises, which subsequently contributes to GHG emissions. This framework underpins the use of the Granger causality test to explore causal links among these variables in Algeria.   Method: The study employs a descriptive analysis of the variables—total population, household waste (DMA), and greenhouse gas emissions (GES)—over the period 2010-2023. The Granger causality test is applied to examine causal relationships between total population and DMA, and between DMA and GES emissions. Data is analyzed to identify unidirectional causal links at a 5% significance level.   Results and Discussion: Population growth directly impacts household waste (DMA) and greenhouse gas emissions (GES). Waste management is crucial for controlling emissions. Algeria needs to implement circular economy practices like recycling and waste sorting to mitigate environmental impact.   Research Implications: Population growth in Algeria leads to increased waste production and emissions, necessitating improved waste management strategies and adoption of circular economy practices for sustainable development.   Originality/Value: The study explores the link between population growth, household waste production, and greenhouse gas emissions in Algeria, offering insights for policymakers and sustainable waste management strategies.

The thermal stability of natural fiber composites is a relevant aspect to be considered since the processing temperature plays a critical role in the manufacturing process of composites. At higher temperatures, the natural fiber components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) start to degrade and their major properties (mechanical and thermal) change. Different methods are used in the literature to determine the thermal properties of natural fiber composites as well as to help to understand and determine their suitability for a certain applications (e.g., Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and differential mechanical thermal analysis (DMA)). Weight loss percentage, the degradation temperature, glass transition temperature (Tg), and viscoelastic properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, and the damping factor) are the most common thermal properties determined by these methods. This paper provides an overview of the recent advances made regarding the thermal properties of natural and hybrid fiber composites in thermoset and thermoplastic polymeric matrices. First, the main factors that affect the thermal properties of natural and hybrid fiber composites (fiber and matrix type, the presence of fillers, fiber content and orientation, the treatment of the fibers, and manufacturing process) are briefly presented. Further, the methods used to determine the thermal properties of natural and hybrid composites are discussed. It is concluded that thermal analysis can provide useful information for the development of new materials and the optimization of the selection process of these materials for new applications. It is crucial to ensure that the natural fibers used in the composites can withstand the heat required during the fabrication process and retain their characteristics in service.

Purpose>In real-time entertainment processing applications, processing of the multiple data streams demands high efficient multiple transfers, which leads to the computational overhead for system-on-chip (SoC), which runs the artificial intelligence algorithms. High-performance direct memory access controller (DMAC) is incorporated in SoC to perform the multiple data transfers without the participation of main processors. But achieving the area-efficient and power-aware DMAC suitable for streaming the multiple data remains to be a daunting challenge among the researchers.Design/methodology/approach>The purpose of this paper to provide the DMA operations without intervention of central processing unit (CPU) for bulk video data transmissions.Findings>The proposed DMAC has been developed based on the hybrid advanced extensible interface (AXI)-PCI bus subsystem to handle the multiple data streams from the video sources. The proposed model consists of bus selector module, user control signal, status register, DMA-supported address and AXI-PCI subsystems to achieve better performance in analysing the video frames.Originality/value>The extensive experimentation is carried out with Xilinx Zynq SoC architecture using Very High Speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) programming, and performance metrics such as utilization area and power are calculated and compared with the other existing DMA controllers such as Scatter-DMA, Gather-DMA and Enhanced DMA. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DMAC has outperformed other existing DMAC in terms of less area, less delay and power, which makes the proposed model suitable for streaming multiple video streams.

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) provides reliable information about the viscoelastic behavior of neat and filled polymers. The properties of filled polymers are relevant to different industries as protective organic coatings, composites etc. Interfacial interactions in filled polymers play an important role in determining their bulk properties and performance during service life. In this brief review article, studies that used DMA to characterize the interfacial interactions in filled polymers have been reviewed. The available open literature provides a mixed opinion about the influence of interfacial interactions on the glass transition temperature of filled polymers. Nevertheless, it appears that in the case of strong interfacial interactions between the filler particles and the polymeric matrix, the peak value of tan δ is reduced in comparison to that of a filled polymer where these interactions are weak.

Epoxy bio composite was prepared using areca fibre, nano-silica and toughened by neem oil bio blender (anti-microbial content) for various engineering applications. The principal aim of this research work is to reveal the need and importance of adding nano-silica particles (a natural antibacterial substance) into neem oil when it is blended with epoxy resin to form a bio-composite. The nano-silica particle and areca fibre have been surface-treated by an amino silane 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) for better dispersion on neem-epoxy blended matrix medium. The composites were prepared using hand layup method with post-cured at 120 °C in a hot oven. The composites have been tested in accordance with ASTM standards. The visco-elastic analysis shows that the storage modulus of 2 vol.% of nano-silica particles in 30 vol.% of areca-reinforced epoxy-neem composite found to be higher up to 9.8 GPa at room temperature and 1.8 GPa at 120 °C. The loss factor also found to be higher at the glass transition temperature. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the composites contain 2 vol.% of nano-silica particles retains the glass transition (Tg) at higher neem oil blending (20 vol.%) as higher than epoxy resin. The antimicrobial behaviour of neem-epoxy composite was increased by the addition of 2 vol.% of nano-silica. Finally, the electrical insulation studies revealed that the composites built with non-polar neem oil and partial polar nano-silica not altered the electrical resistance much. These antimicrobial enhanced and thermo-mechanically strengthened epoxy bio composites could be used as food storage containers, medical components carrier and domestic appliance manufacturing.

Background The dominant subclass of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial feature of carcinogenesis and progression in LUAD. Furthermore, immune and stromal components of TME are crucial factors to investigating and curing LUAD. Thus, the study assessed the value of TME‐related genes for LUAD prognosis and immune infiltration. Methods All data were downloaded from TCGA and GEO databases. The immune and stromal scores were downloaded from ESTIMATE, and the association between the scores and prognosis was explored by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and univariate Cox regression were used to find TME‐related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and HLA‐DMA was regarded as a prognostic hub gene. Western blot analyses, qRT‐PCR, and immunofluorescence were applied to verify HLA‐DMA expression in clinical samples. NSCLC cell lines were used to verify the effect of HLA‐DMA on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution. At last, the alteration of immunotherapy response and TME transition caused by HLA‐DMA different expression were further studied. Results The immune score was positively correlated with survival. The functional analyses suggested that TME‐related DEGs may be involved in the immune response. The expression level of HLA‐DMA was decreased in LUAD. In addition, HLA‐DMA expression was associated with several clinical features and was positively associated with survival. Furthermore, HLA‐DMA may suspend cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle. HLA‐DMA expression was closely associated with immune infiltration and positively correlated with TMB, indicating that patients with high HLA‐DMA level were more suitable for immunotherapy. Conclusion These results reveal that HLA‐DMA might act as a biomarker for immune infiltration and immunotherapy response. HLA‐DMA is a TME monitor related to LUAD prognosis. HLA‐DMA may suspend cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle. Patients with high HLA‐DMA level are more sensitive for immunotherapy. HLA‐DMA is a biomarker for immune infiltration and immunotherapy response in LUAD.

We acknowledge support from the European Research Council IDEAS Advanced Grant Program (BIOFORCE) to PC. RB was supported by a PhD fellowship from the University of Lleida, Spain. PD-B was supported by a PhD fellowship from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain.