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For making full use of aquatic by-products to produce high value-added products, Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) cartilages were degreased, mineralized, and separately hydrolyzed by five kinds of proteases. The collagen hydrolysate (SCH) generated by Alcalase showed the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) and hydroxide radical (HO·) scavenging activity. Subsequently, thirteen antioxidant peptides (SCP1-SCP3) were isolated from SCH, and they were identified as GPTGED, GEPGEQ, GPEGPAG, VPPQD, GLEDHA, GDRGAEG, PRGFRGPV, GEYGFE, GFIGFNG, PSVSLT, IELFPGLP, LRGEAGL, and RGEPGL with molecular weights of 574.55, 615.60, 583.60, 554.60, 640.64, 660.64, 885.04, 700.70, 710.79, 602.67, 942.12, 714.82, and 627.70 Da, respectively. GEYGFE, PSVSLT, and IELFPGLP showed the highest scavenging activity on DPPH· (EC50: 1.27, 1.05, and 1.38 mg/mL, respectively) and HO· (EC50: 1.16, 0.97, and 1.63 mg/mL, respectively), inhibiting capability of lipid peroxidation, and protective functions on H2O2-damaged plasmid DNA. More importantly, GEYGFE, PSVSLT, and IELFPGLP displayed significant cytoprotection on HUVECs against H2O2 injury by regulating the endogenous antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) to decrease the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Therefore, the research provided better technical assistance for a higher-value utilization of Siberian sturgeon cartilages and the thirteen isolated peptides—especially GEYGFE, PSVSLT, and IELFPGLP—which may serve as antioxidant additives for generating health-prone products to treat chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress.

The waste generated by detergents is very damaging to the environment. The detergent consists of three main components: surfactants, building materials (phosphate compounds), and additives (bleach and fragrance). Surfactants widely used as detergents are generally anionic, and toxic, and can cause destabilization of living things. Therefore, finding a good solution to replace using detergents as an ingredient in the cleaning process is necessary. One of the best and environmentally friendly alternatives is using ultrafine bubbles, in the cleaning process. Ultrafine bubbles that are negatively charged and tend to collect positively charged matter. The cleaning power is enhanced by several effects of ultrafine bubbles such as; the degreasing effect, the effect of sloughing off deposits by getting between them and the cleaning agent, and the forces and shock waves when the gas bubbles burst. One of the big effects of ozonized ultrafine bubbles is very high detergency. Ozonized ultrafine bubbles have a degreasing effect of separating and removing oil as they penetrate the oil and between the boundaries with the adhering surface. Additionally, ozonized ultrafine bubbles can penetrate tight spaces between objects that touch each other, and when the ozonized nanobubbles coalesce into ozonized microbubbles, they can act as wedges to separate them.

ObjectiveExposure-oriented questionnaire modules provide crucial task information for occupational exposure assessment. We evaluated the effectiveness of an algorithm for automatically assigning modules during interviews in a hospital-based case-control study in Asia.MethodsWe used a rule-based expert system based on a keyword search of occupational history responses and screening questions pertaining to paints/stains, solvents/glues/degreasers, and engineered woods to assign jobs to one of 23 modules. If no module was identified, we assigned a Work Location module that redirected some participants to more detailed modules. Post interview, each job was coded to standardized occupation and industry classifications. For each job and industry code we determined the ‘ideal’ module. We reviewed each ‘ideal’ vs. ‘assigned’ module combination and characterized potential information loss: none, task loss, and industry loss. We evaluated the screening questions’ positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV) compared to task responses for jobs assigned the Solvent module. For those redirected from the Work Location to the Solvent module, we calculated the task prevalence.ResultsThe algorithm assignment for 26,608 jobs was based on keywords for 55.4% and screening questions for 8.6%; the remainder received the work location module. Potential information loss was identified for 8.8% of jobs (7.2% task loss; 1.6% industry loss). For the 5,847 jobs completing the Solvent module, the overall PPV and NPV of the screening questions was 82.4% and 70.0%, respectively, with higher NPVs for engineered woods and paints/stains than for solvents/glues/degreasers. The Work Location re-directed 663 jobs to the Solvent module; the most frequently-reported activities for these jobs were cleaning hands with solvents (14%), paint bystander (8.0%), cleaning/degreasing bystander (5.1%) and glues/adhesives bystander (5.0%).ConclusionsOverall, our automated approach resulted in excellent capture of tasks of interest. Jobs identified with potential information loss will be prioritized for additional review during exposure assessment efforts.

This article reviews the principles, mechanisms and comparisons of glass surface cleaning by various wet chemical and dry cleaning methods, including acid–base–solvent combinations, HF etching, chelation, vapor degreasing, UV–ozone, oxygen plasma, heating/pyrolysis, ultrasonic and laser treatments. This article also covers four major hydrophobic coating strategies, namely hydrosilylation, silanization, plasma treatment and DC sputtering, along with their process-wise applications. A special emphasis is given on the silanization process: its mechanism, factors affecting, choices of solvents and precursors, and limitations, which is utilized in anti-reflective (AR) sol–gel coating formation as well. Some of the common surface analytical techniques, its utility and reported data has also been reviewed in this context. Finally, a section has been devoted to anti-reflective (AR) and transmittance properties, elucidating the theory and methods of AR coating generation, factors affecting and related literature reports. The challenge lies in coming up with non-harsh cleaning procedures and water-based hydrophobic coatings, with an eye for application in ecological proximity. Graphical Abstract

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is the world’s largest resource of animal proteins and is thought to be a high-quality resource for future marine healthy foods and functional products. Therefore, Antarctic krill was degreased and separately hydrolyzed using flavourzyme, pepsin, papain, and alcalase. Protein hydrolysate (AKH) of Antarctic krill prepared by trypsin showed the highest Ca-chelating rate under the optimized chelating conditions: a pH of 8.0, reaction time of 50 min, temperature of 50 °C, and material/calcium ratio of 1:15. Subsequently, fourteen Ca-chelating peptides were isolated from APK by ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic methods and identified as AK, EAR, AEA, VERG, VAS, GPK, SP, GPKG, APRGH, GVPG, LEPGP, LEKGA, FPPGR, and GEPG with molecular weights of 217.27, 374.40, 289.29, 459.50, 275.30, 300.36, 202.21, 357.41, 536.59, 328.37, 511.58, 516.60, 572.66, and 358.35 Da, respectively. Among fourteen Ca-chelating peptides, VERG presented the highest Ca-chelating ability. Ultraviolet spectrum (UV), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that the VERG-Ca chelate had a dense granular structure because the N-H, C=O and -COOH groups of VERG combined with Ca2+. Moreover, the VERG-Ca chelate is stable in gastrointestinal digestion and can significantly improve Ca transport in Caco-2 cell monolayer experiments, but phytate could significantly reduce the absorption of Ca derived from the VERG-Ca chelate. Therefore, Ca-chelating peptides from protein hydrolysate of Antarctic krill possess the potential to serve as a Ca supplement in developing healthy foods.

In order to prepare low-cost, biodegradable and processable adsorbent materials for adsorption of heavy metal ion, two kinds of novel modified cottons (C-4-APD and C-2-APZ) were obtained by introducing 4-aminopyridin and 2-aminopyrazine into the surface of degreasing cotton, respectively, and used for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The two modified cottons were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirmed the amino groups, pyridine groups and pyrazine groups grafted onto the surface of modified cottons. The maximum adsorption capacities of C-4-APD and C-2-APZ were 89.66 mg/g and 54.92 mg/g, respectively, at the optimum pH of 2 and an initial concentration of 300 mg/g. Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies were carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of the modified cottons on Cr(VI) ions. The results showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions by modified cottons followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the equilibrium data were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the thermodynamic analysis indicates that the adsorption proceeds spontaneously. The recovery and reuse of modified cotton were achieved by washing with 2 wt% thiourea-hydrochloric acid solution (0.5 mol/L concentration of HCl), and the adsorption capacities of C-4-APD and C-2-APZ were maintained above 90% and 85%, respectively, after six cycles.

The article analyzes the effect on the results of degreasing of the original milk’s temperature and acidity, the operation of the skimming machine, the periods of the separation cycle, the mechanical impact on the original product, as well as the technical condition of the separator. The results of laboratory experiments on the skimming of cold milk are provided. Practical recommendations are given.

Leather industry is making significant contributions to economic development. However, it is notably leading to a serious environmental pollution. Recently, the enzyme technology developments offer new opportunities for enzymatic application in leather making. In the present investigation, microbial lipases were studied and used in degreasing process of sheep leathers. In order to optimize degreasing efficiency, a fractional experimental design with four parameters (enzyme source, processing stage, lipase amount, and degreasing duration) was used. Lipases A from Aspergillus niger, F from Rhizopus oryzae, R from Penicillium roqueforti, and AY from Candida rugosa were selected for leather degreasing. Enzymatic treatment of sheep skin was carried out during two stages of beamhouse operations: deliming-bating and pickling. Obtained results showed that enzymatic degreasing efficiency is higher than those obtained with the conventional process. Lipase F from Rhizopus oryzae demonstrated the most interesting hydrolysis with yields of 58.3% and 37.2% for delimed and pickled skins, respectively. An enzymatic degreasing process on pickled leather using 0.125% (w/v) of lipase F during 3.5 h is the most promising for an industrial application with a 76.03 of degreasing efficiency. Results of the physico-mechanical tests of leathers having undergone enzymatic treatment complied with industry requirement. The enzymatic treatment may be carried out in the same conditions as employed in leather manufacturing process. Results suggested that the enzymatic degreasing improves the leather quality and reduces the use of chemical compounds and surfactant.

FedPro has expanded its product offering to include a cleaner and degreaser in a spray bottle, ideal for grease and grime found at the job site and plant floors and more. The powerful agent is specifically formulated to perform like the company's Tub O'Towels Heavy Duty Cleaning Wipes product; quickly tackles any oily, greasy job; and, removes paint, caulk, fuel, plus leaks or drips.

This study aims to highlight the similarities and differences between occupational exposure measured (personal and static) and modelled data using the Tier 2 Advanced REACH Tool (ART 1.5) for some organic solvents used in degreasing, varnishing and painting activities. The measurements were performed between 2020 and 2022 in a Romanian company manufacturing metallic components for the energy industry. The conclusion of the study will allow identifying some of the uncertainties related to the use of modelled data versus measured data, and to decide on the adequate operational conditions (OCs) and risk management measures (RMMs) to implement in place, in accordance with the hierarchy of control principles.