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Understanding the microbial diversity and potential functional dynamics within the rhizocompartments of is crucial for unraveling the plant-microbe interactions that influence its medicinal properties. This study is the first to characterize the microbiome associated with the rhizocompartments of , including its cultivation medium, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and root endosphere, using high-throughput sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analysis. Bacterial phylogenetic diversity was significantly higher in the endosphere than in the rhizosphere, while fungal α-diversity significantly decreased from the cultivation medium to the endosphere. Both bacterial and fungal niche widths decreased from the cultivation medium to the endosphere. β-Diversity analysis revealed distinct spatial patterns in both bacterial and fungal communities across the rhizocompartments, with the most pronounced differences between the cultivation medium and the endosphere. Taxonomically, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were predominant in the endosphere for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Functional predictions showed significant enrichment of pathways related to xenobiotics biodegradation, lipid metabolism, and nitrogen fixation in the endosphere, while functions associated with plant pathogens and saprotrophs were significantly reduced. The results indicate a shift from generalist to specialist microbes from the cultivation medium to the endosphere, suggesting that exerts strong selective pressure for endophytic fungi. Interestingly, a high proportion of fungi with unknown functions were found in the endosphere, highlighting an area for further research regarding the medicinal efficacy of . Overall, this study provides foundational data for understanding the adaptive evolution of these microbial communities in response to specific microhabitats.

An improved black-winged kite algorithm with multiple strategies (BKAIM) is proposed in this paper to address two critical limitations in the original black-winged kite optimization algorithm (BKA): the restricted search capability caused by the low-quality initial population and the reduced population diversity resulting from blind following behavior during the migration phase. Our enhancement implements three strategic modifications across different algorithm stages. During initialization, an opposition-based learning strategy was incorporated to generate a higher-quality initial population. For the migration phase, a differential mutation strategy was integrated to facilitate information exchange among population members, mitigate the tendency of blind leader-following behavior, enhance convergence precision, and achieve an optimal balance between exploration and exploitation capabilities. Regarding boundary handling, the conventional absorption boundary method was replaced with a random boundary approach to increase population diversity and subsequently improve the algorithm’s search capabilities. Comprehensive testing was conducted on four benchmark function sets (CEC2017, CEC2019, CEC2021, and CEC2022) to validate the effectiveness of the improved algorithm. Detailed convergence analysis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparisons with other algorithms demonstrated BKAIM’s superior convergence performance and robustness. Furthermore, the support vector machine (SVM) model was optimized by BKAIM for grade identification of Dendrobium huoshanense based on near-infrared spectral data, thereby confirming its effectiveness in practical applications.

ix compounds were isolated from the endophytic fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense associated with Dendrobium huoshanense, including a new depsidone derivative, named as paraconbrasin A (1). Their chemical structures were characterized using MS, NMR, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. All isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, and 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages with IC50 values of 21.05 ± 3.66 μM and 12.24 ± 0.39 μM, respectively. These findings provide new clues for the future design of novel anti-inflammatory agents.

Dendrobium huoshanense , a traditional medicinal and food homologous plant, belongs to the family Orchidaceae and has a long history of medicinal use. It is reported that the stem of D. huoshanense has a variety of bioactive ingredients such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, phenols, etc. These bioactive ingredients make D. huoshanense remarkable for its pharmacological effects on anti-tumor, immunomodulation, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticataract activities. In recent years, its rich pharmacological activities have attracted extensive attention. However, there is no systematic review focusing on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of D. huoshanense . Therefore, the present review aims to summarize current research on the chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of D. huoshanense . This study provides valuable references and promising ideas for further investigations of D. huoshanense .

Dendrobium huoshanense is a famous edible and medicinal herb, and polysaccharides are the main bioactive component in it. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound–microwave–assisted extraction (UMAE), and hot water extraction (HWE) conditions and obtain the polysaccharides named DHP-E, DHP-UM, and DHP-H. The effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties, structure characteristics, and bioactivity of polysaccharides were compared. The differential thermogravimetric curves indicated that DHP-E showed a broader temperature range during thermal degradation compared with DHP-UM and DHP-H. The SEM results showed that DHP-E displayed an irregular granular structure, but DHP-UM and DHP-H were sponge-like. The results of absolute molecular weight indicated that polysaccharides with higher molecular weight detected in DHP-H and DHP-UM did not appear in DHP-E due to enzymatic degradation. The monosaccharide composition showed that DHPs were all composed of Man, Glc, and Gal but with different proportions. Finally, the glycosidic bond types, which have a significant effect on bioactivity, were decoded with methylation analysis. The results showed that DHPs contained four glycosidic bond types, including Glcp-(1→, →4)-Manp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, and →4,6)-Manp-(1→ with different ratios. Furthermore, DHP-E exhibited better DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. These findings could provide scientific foundations for selecting appropriate extraction methods to obtain desired bioactivities for applications in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Dendrobium huoshanense is both a traditional herbal medicine and a plant of high ornamental and medicinal value. We used transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate the effects of growth year on the secondary metabolites of D. huoshanense stems obtained from four different years of cultivation. In this study, a total of 428 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 1802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs and DAMs revealed significant differences in “Flavonoid biosynthesis”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis”. We summarize the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids in D. huoshanense , providing new insights into the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of flavonoids in D. huoshanense . Additionally, we identified two candidate genes, FLS ( LOC110107557 ) and F3’H ( LOC110095936 ), which are highly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, by WGCNA analysis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of growth year on secondarily metabolites in the plant and provide a theoretical basis for determining a reasonable harvesting period for D. huoshanense .

Metabolomics technology has enabled an important method for the identification and quality control of Traditional Chinese Medical materials. In this study, we isolated metabolites from cultivated Dendrobium officinale and Dendrobium huoshanense stems of different growth years in the methanol/water phase and identified them using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). First, a metabolomics technology platform for Dendrobium was constructed. The metabolites in the Dendrobium methanol/water phase were mainly sugars and glycosides, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols. D. officinale and D. huoshanense and their growth years were distinguished by cluster analysis in combination with multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Eleven metabolites that contributed significantly to this differentiation were subjected to t-tests (P<0.05) to identify biomarkers that discriminate between D. officinale and D. huoshanense, including sucrose, glucose, galactose, succinate, fructose, hexadecanoate, oleanitrile, myo-inositol, and glycerol. Metabolic profiling of the chemical compositions of Dendrobium species revealed that the polysaccharide content of D. huoshanense was higher than that of D. officinale, indicating that the D. huoshanense was of higher quality. Based on the accumulation of Dendrobium metabolites, the optimal harvest time for Dendrobium was in the third year. This initial metabolic profiling platform for Dendrobium provides an important foundation for the further study of secondary metabolites (pharmaceutical active ingredients) and metabolic pathways.

Extreme environmental conditions have significantly affected the natural habitats of Dendrobium huoshanense , a valuable medicinal orchid highly sensitive to abiotic stress. NAC transcription factors are key plants regulators, contributing to growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. Despite their importance, information on the NAC gene family in D. huoshanense remains limited. In this study, a genome-wide analysis was conducted to identify and characterize D. huoshanense NAC genes, using integrated bioinformatics, phylogenetic, and expression profiles. A total of 77 DhNAC genes were identified, unevenly distributed across 19 chromosomes, with chromosome 4 containing the highest number of 16 genes. Phylogenetic and structural analysis grouped the DhNAC genes into 20 groups, with conserved NAM domains and diverse exon–intron structures, indicating both evolutionary conservation and functional specialization. Promoter region analysis identified the presence of diverse stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements, such as drought, cold, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid signaling pathways, indicating their roles in stress adaptation. Comparative genomic studies with Arabidopsis thaliana , Dendrobium nobile , Oryza sativa , and Zea mays highlighted evolutionary relationships and revealed significant gene duplication, including tandem and segmental events. Finally, expression analysis of selected DhNAC gene using qRT-PCR showed differential expression under cold stress, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid treatment. Under stress treatments, DhNAC genes showed distinct temporal expression patterns, with ABA inducing early, intermediate, and late responders, MeJA driving strong early-to-mid responses, and SA promoting sustained late responses. Key genes including DhNAC9 , DhNAC19 , DhNAC48 , DhNAC51 , DhNAC53 , DhNAC55 , DhNAC58 , and DhNAC73 were consistently responsive, highlighting their central roles in stress adaptation. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of NAC genes in D. huoshanense in response to environmental stresses.

IntroductionKNOX plays a pivotal role in governing plant growth, development, and responses to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. However, information on the relationship between the KNOX gene family and expression levels under different treatments in Dendrobium is still limited.MethodsTo address this problem, we first used bioinformatics methods and revealed the presence of 19 KNOX genes distributed among 13 chromosomes in the Dendrobium huoshanense genome. Through an analysis of phylogenetic relationships, these genes were classified into three distinct clades: class I, class II, and class M. Our investigation included promoter analysis, revealing various cis -acting elements associated with hormones, growth and development, and abiotic stress responses. Additionally, qRT-PCR experiments were conducted to assess the expression patterns of DhKNOX genes under different treatments, including ABA, MeJA, SA, and drought.ResultsThe results demonstrated differential expression of DhKNOX genes in response to these treatments, thereby highlighting their potential roles in stress adaptation.DiscussionOverall, our results contribute important insights for further investigations into the functional characterization of the Dendrobium KNOX gene family, shedding light on their roles in plant development and stress responses.

Acquiring high quality RNA is the basis of plant molecular biology research, plant genetics and other physiological investigations. At present, a large number of nucleotide isolation methods have been exploited or modified, such as commercial kits, CTAB, SDS methods and so on. Due to the nature of different plants, extraction methods vary. Moreover, efficiency of certain approach cannot be guaranteed due to composition of different plants and extracting high quality RNA from plants rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols are often difficult. The physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides which are similar to nucleic acids and other secondary metabolites will be coprecipitated with RNA irreversibly. Therefore, how to remove polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites during RNA extraction is the primary challenge. Dendrobium huoshanense is an Orchidaceae perennial herb that is rich in polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites. By using D. huoshanense as the subject, we improved the method originated from CHAN and made it suitable for plants containing high amount of polysaccharides and polyphenols. The extracted total RNA was clear and non-dispersive, with good integrity and no obvious contamination with DNA and other impurities. And it was also evaluated by gel electrophoresis, nucleic acid quantitative detector and PCR assessment. Thus, as a simple approach, it is suitable and efficient in RNA isolation for plants rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols.