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Approximately, 0.36 ± 0.10 g weight of kursha, (Hamilton, 1822) fry were stocked in aquaria and fed with commercial feed for 45 days to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities on growth performance, feed utilization, and survival. Three different treatment with the stocking density was maintained at 1 fry L (T ), 1.5 fry L (T ) and 2 fry L 1 (T ) respectively with having three replicates. The survival rate of all treatments was found to be above 90%. After 45 days of rearing period, growth performances (mean weight gain, SGR) and feed utilization parameters (FCR, PER) was found significantly (p < 0.05) better in T followed by T and T

Epibiosis is the facultative association between two organisms: the epibiont and the basibiont. The association effects can have both positive and negative aspects. In aquatic environments, one of the positive effects of epibiosis is the transport of epibionts for places with greater food availability and dissolved oxygen. However, for hosts, this relationship may cause negative effects, as recorded in the work of Henebry and Ridgeway (1979), whose presence of protozoa impaired the host's swimming efficiency. Also, Laird (1959) reported that heavy of epibiont on mosquito larvae limited their feeding activities, which came close to establishing a parasitism relationship, which can decrease the host's ability to survive. We report the first record of Epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) associated with an aquatic Oligochaeta, Dero digitata Müller, 1773 in Brazil. Previously, there is only one record of Rhabdostyla on D. digitata in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin - United States . The organisms were collected in September 2015, in the Monjolinho reservoir region, using aquatic \"D\" net, during a survey of benthic macroinvertebrates.

The elemental composition of the fish otolith may represent a permanent record of the environmental condition the fish inhabited. Fish otolith grows incrementally from the core to a marginal region that acts as a repository of trace metal signatures. The present study explores the potential application of otolith microchemistry of the benthopelagic indigenous minor carp Bangana dero sampled from the Ropar wetland on River Sutlej, Punjab. The concentration of sixteen metals was evaluated in the otolith ( n  = 42) and water ( n  = 48) for the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season from 2020 to 2022 using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) followed by element detection in the core and marginal region of whole otolith, using energy-dispersive mass spectroscopy (EDS). All the heavy metals exhibited an increase in metal concentrations in fish otolith than water during the post-monsoon season. By indices approach, the otolith was found to have a high bioaccumulation factor for Se in the post-monsoon and Hg in the pre-monsoon. Certain trace metals like As and Hg exhibited fluctuations in their core and marginal region. Thus, trace metal patterns in the otolith could act as a potential tool for monitoring the seasonal changes of metals in water bodies. The EF Hg , EF Se and EF As in the fish otolith predicted its anthropogenic source, while the remaining studied elements showed ambient water origin. Thus, using the otoliths of Bangana dero as a long-term monitoring tool in the future may be helpful for environmental assessments and the reconstruction of historical exposure for safeguarding of water bodies.

At present, approximately 265 species of freshwater microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata), representing 84 genera in six families, are known to occur in North America--inclusive of Canada, continental US and Mexico, and Hawai'i, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. The Neotropical aquatic oligochaete Dero superterrenus (Naididae) was first reported in the US from bromeliads in Vero Beach FL.

Identification of organism groups such as Oligochaetes to species level is difficult to achieve using morphological examination alone. This is especially true in species where sexual reproduction is rare, such as the subfamily Naidedae. Here, variation in the barcoding marker COI of three genera of freshwater clitellates, Dero , Nais , and Pristina (Clitellata: Naididae) was studied, using publicly available sequences together with newly generated ones, with the aim to test for the presence of global barcode gaps. In total 17 sequences of Dero spp., 168 of Nais spp., and 22 sequences of Pristina spp. were included in the analyses. The uncorrected pairwise distances in the Dero dataset ranges from 0.00 to 0.18, in the Nais dataset they range from 0.00 to 0.21, and in the Pristina dataset they range from 0.00 to 0.36, with a large gap between 0.21 and 0.35. No global barcoding gap was found in any of the datasets. In all three genera clusters including more than one species and/or species found in more than one cluster were found, indicating taxonomical problems, such as cryptic species and misidentified sequences.

The analysis of the toxicity of aluminum salts is determined by the fact that aluminum cation is contained in drinking water, artificial dyes and additives, medicines, vaccines, aerosols, and there is also a correlation between the concentration of aluminum ion in brain tissues and clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease. The article presents the results of biotesting the toxic effects of aluminum chloride and sulfate using Aulophorus (Dero furcata). Currently, the methods of bioassay do not have a generally recognized and standardized system of biological analysis, there are no unambiguous requirements that an indicator system should meet. These worms are a biotest object, because its reaction to the environment can be traced by its creation of conglomerates. The behavior of Auloforus in the experiment depends on the concentration, the time spent in aluminum solutions, as well as on the specific salt. When comparing the dynamics of the behavior of Auloforus in experimental samples of aluminum solutions, we established toxic concentrations. It was found that aluminum chloride salts have a less toxic effect than aluminum sulfate.

Mass or volume estimators using body surface areas can be useful for environmental quality biomonitoring programs. We propose models of biovolume estimate through biometric information of Aulophorus , Dero , Nais and Pristina . The samples were collected in 51 freshwater systems in the state of São Paulo, between 2004 and 2016. Specific dimensions for each genus of 1,814 total animals were measured and individual biovolume was calculated. The conversion model was performed by linear regression analysis between the biovolume and the specific dimensions, then transformed into a power function, established by allometric law. The biovolume of Aulophorus and Dero can be estimated by the diameter of segment four (D IV ), by the equation Be = 0.775D IV 4.387 (adjusted r 2  = 0.84). For Nais species, the biovolume can be estimated by the diameter of segment seven (D VII ), by the equation Be = 0.913D VII 1.6 (adjusted r 2  = 0.59). For Pristina , the biovolume can be estimate by the diameter of segment eight (D VIII ), by the equation Be = 0.875D VIII 2.11 (adjusted r 2  = 0.69). The application of these models can help us better understand population structure, secondary production and flow of matter and energy in neotropical environments.

Background Like botanical taxa, various species of animals are also used in traditional and modern health care systems. Present study was intended with the aim to document the traditional uses of herptile and fish species among the local communities in the vicinity of the River Chenab, Punjab Pakistan. Method Data collected by semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were subsequently analyzed using relative frequency of citation (FC), fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level (RPL), similarity index (SI), and rank order priority (ROP) indices. Results Out of total 81 reported species, ethnomedicinal uses of eight herptiles viz. Aspideretes gangeticus , A . hurum , Eublepharis macularius , Varanus bengalensis , Python molurus , Eryx johnii , Ptyas mucosus mucosus , Daboia russelii russelii and five fish species including Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , Cirrhinus reba , Labeo dero , Mastacembelus armatus , and Pethia ticto were reported for the first time from this region. Fat, flesh, brain, and skin were among the commonly utilized body parts to treat allergy, cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory disorders, sexual impotency, skin infections, and as antidote and anti-diabetic agents. Hoplobatrachus tigerinus , Duttaphrynus stomaticus , and Ptyas mucosus mucosus (herptiles), as well as Labeo rohita , Wallago attu , and Cirrhinus reba (fish) were top ranked with maximum informant reports, frequency of citations, and rank order priority. Uromastyx hardwickii , Ctenopharyngodon idella , H . molitrix , Cirrhinus mrigala , C . reba , L . rohita , L . calbasu , L . dero , and Pethia ticto were the species with 100% fidelity level. Furthermore, medicinal uses of Aspideretes gangeticus , Aspideretes hurum , Calotes versicolor , Daboia russelii russelii , Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , Cirrhinus reba , Labeo dero , Mastacembelus armatus , Pethia ticto , and Gagata cenia were reported for the first time. Conclusion About half of the reported species depicted zero similarity index with previously reported literature, which indicates strong associations of local inhabitants with animal species, particularly for therapeutic purpose. Inclusive studies on composition and bioactivities of the species with maximum use reports may contribute significantly in animal-based novel drugs discovery.

The toxicity of metals, whether isolated or in mixtures, involves changes in biochemical processes as well as in cell membranes, which may lead to deleterious short- and long-term effects on the affected organisms. Among metals, cadmium and mercury stand out due to their abundance in nature, frequent use for industrial activities and biological accumulation, with high levels of residence in trophic chains. Benthic communities are particularly prone to metal pollution since metals usually accumulate in sediments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of mercury and cadmium, single and in mixture, to two native species of epibenthic oligochaetes: Allonais inaequalis and Dero furcatus. In order to assess the potential of these species as bioindicators, we compared their sensitivity with those of other internationally used species by applying the species sensitivity distribution approach. The 96h-LC50 of cadmium chloride was 627 and 364 μg L−1 for A. inaequalis and D. furcatus, respectively, evidencing that the latter species is almost twice as sensitive to this metal than A. inaequalis. For mercury chloride, the 96h-LC50 was 129 μg L−1 for A. inaequalis and 92 μg L−1 for D. furcatus. The sensitivities of these oligochaetes were superior or similar to that of other frequently used oligochaete test species such as Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus. The metal mixtures had synergism in general (D. furcatus) or at high doses only (A. inaequalis), implying a potentiation of their toxic effects when both metals co-occur in the environment. By comparing the derived toxicity values with concentrations of cadmium and mercury measured in the field, it can be concluded that aquatic organisms are likely to be at risk when exposed to the environmental relevant concentrations of cadmium and mercury here tested, especially when they are both present.

Only 14 species of aquatic oligochaetes occurring in inland waters of Iran have been recorded until now. Our investigations based on samples collected in 2003 and 2005 revealed the presence of six species, including five new to the fauna of Iran: Haplotaxis gordioides, Dero dorsalis, Pristina breviseta, Embolocephalus velutinus and Psammoryctides albicola. The provided checklist of Iranian aquatic oligochaetes is still very short (19 species). It is mostly represented by common, cosmopolitan species. However, taking into account the large area of the country, its mountainous terrain and peculiar hydrological network, more species may be discovered in the future.