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The present work is dedicated to the comparative experimental study of biodiesel-ethanol blends in a compression ignition engine using TiO 2 (Titanium oxide) nanoparticle, ZrO 2 (Zirconium oxide) nanoparticle and DEE (Diethyl ether) additives. The test fuels used are a blend of biodiesel (80%) -ethanol (20%) (denoted as BE), a blend of BE with 25 ppm Titanium oxide nanoparticle (denoted as BE-Ti), a blend of BE with 25 ppm Zirconium oxide nanoparticle (denoted as BE-Zr) and a blend of BE with 50 ml Diethyl ether (denoted as BE-DEE). Addition of nanoparticles increases the oxidation rate, reduces the light-off temperature and creates large contact surface area with the base fuel thereby enhancing the combustion with minimal emissions. Experimental results shown that addition of Titanium nanoparticles increased NOx, HC and smoke with lowered BSFC and CO. Whereas addition of Zirconium nanoparticles increases BSFC and HC emissions with lowered CO, CO 2 and smoke emissions in comparison with BE blends. DEE addition to BE blends improved the heat release rate and increased HC, CO emissions were observed with lowered BSFC, NOx and smoke. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke indicates the effect of DEE on Low temperature combustion (LTC).

The present experimental work is focused on improving the performance and emission characteristics of biofuel blend (diesel (40 %)-biodiesel (40 %)-ethanol (20 %)) (denoted as BE). Comparative analysis was done for addition of Diethyl ether (DEE) and alumina nanoparticle (Al 2 O 3 ) at various concentrations. The test fuels used are BE, BE with 25 ppm Al 2 O 3 (denoted as BN-1), BE with 50 ppm Al 2 O 3 (denoted as BN-2), BE with 5 % DEE (denoted as BE-1) and BE with 10 % DEE (denoted as BE-2). Experimental results indicate that, DEE addition in BE results in increased HC (Hydrocarbon), CO (Carbon monoxide), CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) and BSFC (Brake specific fuel consumption) with lowered NOx (Oxides of nitrogen) and smoke emission. This is attributed to high latent heat evaporation of mixture and Low temperature combustion (LTC). Al 2 O 3 addition in BE resulted in increase in NOx and smoke with lowered HC, CO, CO2 and BSFC. This could be attributed to enhanced surface area to volume ratio of mixture during rapid combustion process, higher catalytic combustion and reduced evaporation. At higher engine loads, the peak pressure of BE-1 is highest and that of BE-2 is lowest. Peak heat release rate of BE is highest and BN-1 is lowest. BE blends with additives (Al 2 O 3 and DEE) resulted in higher Particulate matter (PM) formation, however BN-1 blend showed lowered PM at engine loads of 75 % and 100 %. Overall, BE-1 and BN-1 reflects better engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics.

Due to their high theoretical energy density and the abundance of magnesium, rechargeable Mg batteries are promising candidate systems for future energy storage. However, finding suitable electrolytes that are compatible with the metallic Mg electrode and enable highly reversible Mg plating is still challenging. Typical electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium batteries are based on ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethoxyethane (DME), or higher glymes. Drawbacks are the high volatilites and low flashpoints of THF and DME and their harmfulness, problematic factors for industrial applicability. One potential alternative is diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DEGDEE) which is also an ether, but has significantly higher boiling and flashpoints than THF and DME, and is from today's perspective less harmful than any of the previously mentioned solvents. To test the suitability and stability of this class of electrolytes, different Mg salts in combination with DEGDEE for their electrochemical Mg plating and stripping properties are studied. Although Mg deposition needs higher overpotentials than for their DME‐based counterparts, the investigated electrolytes enable reversible Mg plating with relatively high Coulombic efficiencies, making DEGDEE a promising alternative electrolyte solvent for rechargeable Mg batteries. Diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DEGDEE) is studied as solvent for Mg electrolytes. The combination with commonly used Mg salts leads to electrolytes which enable reversible electrochemical Mg plating, demonstrating their potential to improve the safety aspect in rechargeable magnesium batteries.

Considering the amount of waste plastics has risen significantly, energy may be extracted from it. Not only is it possible to dispose of waste plastics by converting them to fuel, but it is also possible to extract energy from them. Our research is motivated by the prospect of using waste plastics as a source of energy through waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO). The innovation of this research is that it will assess the efficiency of plastic pyrolysis oil derived from Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on a Thermal Barrier Coated (TBC) piston engine. The incremental ratio of WPPO to pure diesel with the addition of diethyl ether (DEE) was determined and its output and exhaust emission standards were evaluated using a direct injection single cylinder low heat rejection diesel engine. The results for the WPPO blends were promising as with TBCW20DEE10 demonstrating a 5 to 15% increase in carbon monoxide under different load conditions. TBCW20DEE10 confirmed a greater reduction of hydrocarbons varying from 5 to 12 %. At half load condition, TBCW20DEE10 emits approximately 3.5 % less unit of smoke.

The current study focuses on the use of diethyl ether as a fuel additive to enhance the properties of bio-mixture test samples. In this research, the raw bio-mix oil was extracted from a mixture of various raw feedstocks of borassus flabellifer oil (non-edible) and waste cooking oil (edible) to obtain the optimum raw bio-mix blends based on their acid value. The optimum raw bio-mix fuels were converted to purified bio-mixture test fuel through a transesterification reaction process. Transesterified bio-mix samples were selected as optimum blends and mixed with 5% Diethyl ether for further investigations. The fatty acid composition of samples was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results of the study revealed that adding the diethyl ether additive to the bio-mix fuels could improve the fuel quality and meet the standards set forth by the Bureau of Indian standards, American standard for testing and material, European standards of test methods and norms when compared to all the individual biodiesel and bio-mix fuel samples. The experimental analysis also concluded that saturated fatty acids, oxidation stability, and cetane number were enhanced while flash point, viscosity, iodine number, density, free fatty acid and heating value were reduced as compared to individual non-edible biodiesel. From the experimental results, it was concluded that the addition of 5% diethyl ether into bio-mix fuel resulted in a significant enhancement of saturated fatty acid by 12.5 and 11.8% while unsaturated fatty acid decreased by 13.2 and 12.9% as compared to bio-mix blends without additive. Graphical abstract

In this study, a diesel engine was used to operate with blends of light fraction waste cooking oil (LFWCO) with diethyl ether (DEE). DEE was blended as an additive in the 5% to 20% ratio in steps of 5% each. The test indicates that LFWCO+15-DEE produced optimum results regarding performance and emission. The BSFC for LFWCO+15-DEE was found to be higher by about 28.9%, and the BTE was lower by about 7.6%, in contrast to diesel, at 100% operating load, respectively. For LFWCO+15-DEE the EGT was lower by about 11.9%, in contrast to neat diesel, at 100% operating load. The various emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), and smoke opacity for LFWCO+15-DEE were found to be lower by about 32.9%, 25%, and 29.4%, but the NO release was more than other blends and it was about 36%, in contrast to diesel at 100% operating load, respectively.

A widely use of diesel engines increases the scarcity of fossil fuels and air pollution. Jatropha was proved potentially to be used as alternative diesel fuel. However, adding jatropha to diesel fuel increases smoke emissions due to higher their viscosity than diesel fuel. Therefore diethyl ether is substituted into a mixture of diesel and jatropha fuel to solve the problem. However, the use of diethyl ether may have an impact on diesel engine performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of diethyl ether on thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and smoke emissions from diesel engines. This study used Isuzu 4JB1 engine equipped with EGR system. The diethyl ether composition in the mixed fuel was varied at 5, 10 and 15% of the total fuel volume. Jatropha in this mixed fuel was set at only 10%. Based on the experimental results, the use of DJ10DEE15 fuel showed the highest increase of 16% in hot EGR systems compared to those without EGR and cold EGR using D100 fuel at full engine load. In addition, the use of DJ10DEE15 fuel with cold EGR system resulted in 8% reduction of exhaust gas temperature compared to the use of D100 fuel at full engine load, while smoke opacity was decreased to 33%.

Inhaled anesthetics are a chemically diverse collection of hydrophobic molecules that robustly activate TWIK-related K⁺ channels (TREK-1) and reversibly induce loss of consciousness. For 100 y, anesthetics were speculated to target cellular membranes, yet no plausible mechanism emerged to explain a membrane effect on ion channels. Here we show that inhaled anesthetics (chloroform and isoflurane) activate TREK-1 through disruption of phospholipase D2 (PLD2) localization to lipid rafts and subsequent production of signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). Catalytically dead PLD2 robustly blocks anesthetic TREK-1 currents in whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Localization of PLD2 renders the TRAAK channel sensitive, a channel that is otherwise anesthetic insensitive. General anesthetics, such as chloroform, isoflurane, diethyl ether, xenon, and propofol, disrupt lipid rafts and activate PLD2. In the whole brain of flies, anesthesia disrupts rafts and PLDnull flies resist anesthesia. Our results establish a membrane-mediated target of inhaled anesthesia and suggest PA helps set thresholds of anesthetic sensitivity in vivo.

This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder four stroke petrol engine using unleaded gasoline with combination of ethanol and diethyl ether. Exhaust emissions were analysed for CO, HC, NOx, and CO2 by varying engine torque and engine speed. The result showed that the blend of unleaded gasoline with diethyl ether increases the octane number which in turn increases the power output which leads to increase in the brake thermal efficiency of the engine. The CO, HC, and NOx emissions concentrations in the engine exhaust decreases while the CO2 concentration increases. The use of diethyl ether and ethanol blends as a fuel additive to unleaded gasoline causes an improvement in performance and significant reduction in exhaust emission.

The experimental investigation on a less heat rejection model (LHRM) of the diesel engine was done with the objective to improve the performance and emission characteristics. The LHRM has a bond coat of NiCrAl interposed between the thermal barrier ceramic coated cylinder head and liner of the engine. The model is coupled with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system at a constant rate of 10 vol.%. The test fuels are neat diesel for the non-coated engine (NCE) and blends with different ratios of dieselJatropha biodiesel, keeping a constant ratio of additive diethyl ether (DEE) for the LHRM. The load was varied from 0 to 100 % and injection timing (IT) from 29° to 34° BTDC. The performance parameters of both engines improved significantly with the advancement of the injection timing. The NOx emissions reduced with no effect on BSEC, BTE and smoke levels with 10 % EGR rate. The optimum blend and IT for LHRM are D20JB60A20 by vol. (20 % of diesel + 60 % of Jatropha biodiesel + 20 % of additive DEE) and 32° BTDC as the maximum enhancement of about 6 to 7 % in peak BTE with a reduction in BSEC by 9.5 %, EGT by 18 %, VE by 2 to 3 %, smoke level by 44.5 % and NOx emissions by 14.2 % were found compared to NCE with diesel at normal operating conditions. At advanced injection timings with a higher load, in comparison to NCE, LHRM showed significant improvement in all of the investigated parameters.