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Metal nanoparticles, particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are developing more important roles as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for cancers with the improvement of eco-friendly synthesis methods. This study demonstrates the biosynthesis, antibacterial activity, and anticancer effects of silver nanoparticles using Dimocarpus Longan Lour. peel aqueous extract. The AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR). The bactericidal properties of the synthesized AgNPs were observed via the agar dilution method and the growth inhibition test. The cytotoxicity effect was explored on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro by trypan blue assay. The expressions of phosphorylated stat 3, bcl-2, survivin, and caspase-3 were examined by Western blot analysis. The longan peel extract acted as a strong reducing and stabilizing agent during the synthesis. Water-soluble AgNPs of size 9–32 nm was gathered with a face-centered cubic structure. The AgNPs had potent bactericidal activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with a dose-related effect. AgNPs also showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against PC-3 cells through a decrease of stat 3, bcl-2, and survivin, as well as an increase in caspase-3. These findings confirm the bactericidal properties and explored a potential anticancer application of AgNPs for prostate cancer therapy. Further research should be focused on the comprehensive study of molecular mechanism and in vivo effects on the prostate cancer.

Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are tryptophan-derived indole metabolites and play a role in various physiological processes, such as auxin metabolism. Auxin is essential in the process of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in plants. In this study, we used bioinformatics, transcriptome data, exogenous treatment experiments, and qPCR analysis to study the evolutionary pattern of Bx genes in green plants, the regulatory mechanism of DlBx genes during early SE, and the effect of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3-one (DIMBOA) on the early SE in Dimocarpus longan Lour. The results showed that 27 putative DlBxs were identified in the longan genome; the Bx genes evolved independently in monocots and dicots, and the main way of gene duplication for the DlBx was tandem duplication (TD) and the DlBx were strongly constrained by purification selection during evolution. The transcriptome data indicated varying expression levels of DlBx during longan early SE, and most DlBxs responded to light, temperature, drought stress, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment; qRT-PCR results showed DlBx1, DlBx6g and DlBx6h were responsive to auxin, and treatment with 0.1mg/L DIMBOA for 9 days significantly upregulated the expression levels of DlBx1, DlBx3g, DlBx6c, DlBx6f, DlB6h, DlBx7d, DlBx8, and DlBx9b. The correlation analysis showed a significantly negative correlation between the expression level of DlBx1 and the endogenous IAA contents; DIMBOA significantly promoted the early SE and significantly changed the endogenous IAA content, and the IAA content increased significantly at the 9th day and decreased significantly at the 13th day. Therefore, the results suggested that DIMBOA indirectly promote the early SE by changing the endogenous IAA content via affecting the expression level of DlBx1 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in longan.

Dimocarpus longan Lour. is an evergreen tree of the genus Longan in the Sapindaceae family, native to tropical and subtropical regions. Longan embryonic development is closely related to fruit set and fruit quality. An in-depth study of the mechanism of longan embryonic development could therefore contribute to the development of the longan industry. DIMBOA is the principal compound representing benzoxazinoids (BXs), and is closely linked to auxin biosynthesis and signal transduction. Auxin is one of the crucial hormones for inducing somatic embryogenesis (SE) in plants. Previous research has shown that DIMBOA promotes morphogenesis in the early somatic embryogenesis of longan, but the specific regulatory mechanism has not yet been clarified. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which DIMBOA affects early somatic embryogenesis in longan, we chose longan embryogenic cultures grown under 0 mg/L DIMBOA as the control group (the check, CK), and longan embryogenic cultures grown under 0.1 mg/L DIMBOA as the treatment group (D) to be analyzed by transcriptomic sequencing. A total of 478 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are detected in check vs. D, of which 193 are upregulated and 285 are downregulated. These DEGs are significantly enriched in the biosynthetic and metabolic functions of various substances such as vitamin B6 (VB6) biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid pathways, and carbohydrate metabolism. DIMBOA affects SE processes in longan via TFs, including MYB, ZF, bHLH, LBD, NAC, WRKY, etc. After DIMBOA treatment, the expression of most of the key genes for IAA synthesis was significantly downregulated, VB6 content was significantly reduced, and H2O2 content was significantly increased. Therefore, it is suggested that DIMBOA directly or indirectly affects the H2O2 content through the VB6 metabolic pathway, thereby regulating the endogenous IAA level to modulate the early SE morphogenesis of longan.

IntroductionNF-YB transcription factor is an important regulatory factor in plant embryonic development.ResultsIn this study, 15 longan NF-YB ( DlNF-YB ) family genes were systematically identified in the whole genome of longan, and a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of DlNF-YB family was performed. Comparative transcriptome analysis of DlNF-YBs expression in different tissues, early somatic embryogenesis (SE), and under different light and temperature treatments revealed its specific expression profiles and potential biological functions in longan SE. The qRT-PCR results implied that the expression patterns of DlNF-YBs were different during SE and the zygotic embryo development of longan. Supplementary 2,4-D, NPA, and PP333 in longan EC notably inhibited the expression of DlNF-YBs ; ABA, IAA, and GA3 suppressed the expressions of DlNF-YB6 and DlNF-YB9 , but IAA and GA3 induced the other DlNF-YBs . Subcellular localization indicated that DlNF-YB6 and DlNF-YB9 were located in the nucleus. Furthermore, verification by the modified 5'RNA Ligase Mediated Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (5' RLM-RACE) method demonstrated that DlNF-YB6 was targeted by dlo-miR2118e, and dlo-miR2118e regulated longan somatic embryogenesis (SE) by targeting DlNF-YB6 . Compared with CaMV35S- actuated GUS expression, DlNF-YB6 and DlNF-YB9 promoters significantly drove GUS expression. Meanwhile, promoter activities were induced to the highest by GA3 but suppressed by IAA. ABA induced the activities of the promoter of DlNF-YB9 , whereas it inhibited the promoter of DlNF-YB6 .DiscussionHence, DlNF-YB might play a prominent role in longan somatic and zygotic embryo development, and it is involved in complex plant hormones signaling pathways.

Longan is an exotic tropical fruit crop and exhibits off‐season flowering induced by potassium chlorate (KClO 3 ), though the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We assembled a high‐quality, 441.5 Mb genome of variety ‘Shixia’, with a contig N50 at 28.1 Mb, 29, 325 protein‐coding genes, 26 telomeres and 15 centromeres. Comparative genomic analysis with lychee revealed structural variations potentially driving gene family expansions related to flavone biosynthesis and disease resistance. Transcriptomic profiling showed that natural flowering appears to be primarily regulated by photoperiod, vernalisation and autonomous pathways, while KClO 3 ‐induced flowering may preferentially activate the gibberellin pathway at 5 days after treatment (DAT) and autonomous pathways at 10 DAT, involving putative repression of DlDDF1 , DlFLCs and DlSVPs , and up‐regulation of DlWRKY75_2 . In the perpetual‐flowering variety ‘Sijimi’, elevated expression of photoperiod genes, such as DlCOR28 , DlCOR27 , DlADO3 , DlPRR5 , DlGI and DlJMJ30 , may explain its perpetual blooming. Overexpression of DlDDF1 in Arabidopsis delayed flowering, partially reversed by KClO 3 through an increase in bioactive GA 4 . Together, KClO 3 ‐induced flowering likely involves oxidative stress response and gibberellin signalling via DlDDF1 repression, while natural flowering relies on seasonal cues. These results lay the foundation for longan genetic improvement.

Landfill leachate is a highly polluted and generated from water infiltration through solid waste produced domestically and industrially. In this study, a coagulation–flocculation process using a combination of Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) as a coagulant and Dimocarpus longan seed powder (LSP) as coagulant aid was used in treating landfill leachate. LSP has been tested as the main coagulant and as coagulant aid with PACl. As the main coagulant, the optimum dosage and pH for PACl were 5 g/L and 6, respectively, with removal efficiencies of 67.44%, 99.47%, and 98% for COD, SS, and color, respectively. For LSP as the main coagulant, results show that LSP is not effective where the removal efficiencies obtained for COD, SS, and color were 39.40%, 22.20%, and 28.30%, respectively, with the optimum dosage of 2 g/L and pH 4. The maximum removal efficiencies of COD, SS, and color were 69.19%, 99.50%, and 98.80%, respectively, when LSP was used as coagulant aid with PACl. Results show that using LSP as coagulant aid was found to be more effective in the removal of COD, SS, and color with less PACl dosage. The PACl dosage was decreased from 5 to 2.75 g/L when LSP was used as a coagulant aid. Cost estimation for using PACl alone and using LSP as the coagulant aid showed a reduction in the cost of approximately 40% of the cost of using PACl alone. Overall, this study confirmed the efficiency of LSP to be used as a natural coagulant aid in leachate treatment.

Ran GTPases play essential roles in plant growth and development. Our previous studies revealed the nuclear localization of DlRan3A and DlRan3B proteins and proposed their functional redundancy and distinction in Dimocarpus longan somatic embryogenesis, hormone, and abiotic stress responses. To further explore the possible roles of DlRan3A and DlRan3B, gene expression analysis by qPCR showed that their transcripts were both more abundant in the early embryo and pulp in longan. Heterologous expression of DlRan3A driven by its own previously cloned promoter led to stunted growth, increased root hair density, abnormal fruits, bigger seeds, and enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Conversely, constitutive promoter CaMV 35S (35S)-driven expression of DlRan3A, 35S, or DlRan3B promoter-controlled expression of DlRan3B did not induce the alterations in growth phenotype, while they rendered different hypersensitivities to abiotic stresses. Based on the transcriptome profiling of longan Ran overexpression in tobacco plants, we propose new mechanisms of the Ran-mediated regulation of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and expansion. Also, the transgenic plants expressing DlRan3A or DlRan3B genes controlled by 35S or by their own promoter all exhibited altered mRNA levels of stress-related and transcription factor genes. Moreover, DlRan3A overexpressors were more tolerant to salinity, osmotic, and heat stresses, accompanied by upregulation of oxidation-related genes, possibly involving the Ran-RBOH-CIPK network. Analysis of a subset of selected genes from the Ran transcriptome identified possible cold stress-related roles of brassinosteroid (BR)-responsive genes. The marked presence of genes related to cell wall biosynthesis and expansion, hormone, and defense responses highlighted their close regulatory association with Ran.

The leaves of . are used unilaterally as Chinese herbal medicines to treat diabetes in Chongzuo and Hezhou, Guangxi, but the mechanism of its treatment of diabetes is not yet clear, and further research is needed. This study examined the effects of leaf ethanol extract of on metabolic pathways and gut microbiota in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The rats were randomly divided into four groups: HG + HFD (T2DM model, fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet), control (regular diet), MET (positive metformin), and LYY (leaf ethanol extract of ). Metabolite profiles and gut microbiota composition were analyzed using liquid chromatography_mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA sequencing. Metabolomics analysis revealed 61 distinct metabolites in the LYY group, such as Leu-Pro and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate, which influence valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, bile secretion, and pyruvate and propanoate metabolism. Additionally, 16S rDNA sequencing showed that LYY significantly altered the abundance of gut microbiota such as and (vs. HG + HFD group, < 0.05). LYY improved T2DM in rats may be associated with modulating metabolite levels and indirectly regulating glucose metabolism balance through changes in gut microbiota abundance. The efficacy of LYY in treating T2DM in rats may be related to the regulation of six metabolic pathways; it increased the abundance of and and decreased the abundance of , , and , thereby promoting impaired glucose tolerance and indirectly regulating the balance of glucose metabolism.

Drought stress severely constrains yield and quality stability in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.), an important medicine and food homology fruit in China. Melatonin (MT) shows potential for alleviating abiotic stress, but its mechanisms in drought-stressed longan remain unclear. Here, we investigated two cultivars (Shixia and Chuliang) under drought and exogenous MT treatments (CW, well-watered control; CM, exogenous MT application under well-watered control; DW, drought stress; DM, exogenous MT application under drought stress), revealing the following findings: (i) Drought treatment significantly reduced endogenous MT levels in both studied cultivars, and the reduction was reversed by exogenous foliar MT application. Specifically, under drought conditions, exogenous MT treatment increased endogenous MT content by 272.7% in Shixia and 53.6% in Chuliang, respectively. (ii) Drought and exogenous MT treatments modulated the activities of plant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL; and catalase, CAT) and the levels of related metabolites (malondialdehyde, MDA; proline, Pro). Across both cultivars, drought stress increased the activities of SOD, POD, and PAL, as well as the Pro content. Exogenous MT treatment, however, reduced the activities of SOD, POD, and PAL while increasing CAT activity and MDA content to some extent in both cultivars. Notably, the Pro content was significantly reduced in Shixia but significantly increased in Chuliang following exogenous MT application under drought stress. (iii) Drought and exogenous MT treatments regulated gene expression in longan cultivars. Relative to CW, 848, 3356, and 2447 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in CM, DW, and DM in Shixia, respectively. Relative to CW, 1349, 5260, and 5116 DEGs were identified in CM, DW, and DM in Chuliang. A gene ontology analysis indicated significant enrichment for abiotic stress defense and hormone-responsive processes. The KEGG pathway analysis showed significant enrichment in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ko04141), amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ko00520), ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (ko00053), plant–pathogen interaction (ko04626), and starch and sucrose metabolism (ko00500). These findings provide physiological and transcriptomic insights into MT-regulated drought responses in longan, highlighting its potential for improving productivity in drought-prone regions.

A new oleanane triterpenoid saponin was isolated from the seeds of Dimocarpus longan Lour. The structure of this compound was elucidated as 3- O - β -D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)- α -L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- β -D-xylopyranosyloleanolic acid 28- O - β -D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)- β -D-glucopyranosyl ester ( 1 ), named longanoside C. The structure was determined by means of HR-ESI-MS in positive mode and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies.