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In recent decades, K-12 school discipline policies and practices have garnered increasing attention among researchers, policymakers, and educators. Disproportionalities in school discipline raise serious questions about educational equity. This study provides a comprehensive review of the extant literature on the contributors to racial, gender, and income disparities in disciplinary outcomes, and the effectiveness of emerging alternatives to exclusionary disciplinary approaches. Our findings indicate that the causes of the disparities are numerous and multifaceted. Although low-income and minority students experience suspensions and expulsions at higher rates than their peers, these differences cannot be solely attributed to socioeconomic status or increased misbehavior. Instead, school and classroom occurrences that result from the policies, practices, and perspectives of teachers and principals appear to play an important role in explaining the disparities. There are conceptual and open empirical questions on whether and how some of the various alternatives are working to counter the discipline disparities.

Longstanding discipline disparities for Black male students are associated with untoward outcomes and necessitate feasible and effective school-based solutions. This study examined the efficacy of GREET-STOP-PROMPT (GSP) as a low-cost, potentially high-yield strategy designed to intervene on putative malleable root causes proximal to teacher-student interactions. GSP relies on three core components to mitigate proximal causes of exclusionary discipline decisions, including: (a) proactive classroom management strategies; (b) a self-regulation technique to mitigate the impact of teacher biases on the response to problem behavior; and (c) reactive strategies to increase empathic, consistent, and appropriate responses to problem behavior. Overall, results from a single case experimental concurrent multiple baseline design across schools indicated that the GSP strategy yielded systematic reductions in risk ratios. More specifically, these results showed that the likelihood of Black male students receiving an office referral was cut by two thirds following implementation of the GSP strategy. In addition, findings from this study indicated that Black male students' self-reported school connections significantly improved from pre- to postintervention. Implications, limitations, and future directions of the results are discussed.

Secondary school teachers are one of the occupational groups presenting the highest levels of sick leave due to stress in the workplace. This form of stress can cause burnout syndrome, which is characterised by emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and low levels of personal accomplishment. Secondary education teachers have received relatively little research attention in this respect. This study addresses the prevalence among secondary school teachers of burnout syndrome, in its three dimensions, and investigates possible differences in the prevalence determined by different measuring instruments. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of the scientific literature in this field. Using the Proquest and Eric electronic databases, 45 articles and 49 independent samples ( N  = 14,410) were obtained. Results show that secondary school teachers are at high risk of burnout syndrome. Moreover, there are statistically significant differences between the different measuring instruments used. Pedagogical programmes should be developed to reduce/prevent its impact.

The present study explores teacher emotions, in particular how they are predicted by students' behaviour and the interpersonal aspect of the teacher-student relationship (TSR). One hundred thirty-two secondary teachers participated in a quantitative study relying on self-report questionnaire data. Based on the model of teacher emotions by Frenzel (2014), teachers rated their experienced joy, anger and anxiety during classroom instruction (dependent variable). Students' motivational behaviour (= engagement), socio-emotional behaviour (= discipline in class) and relational behaviour (= closeness; interpersonal TSR) were assessed as the independent variables. Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs served as a control variable. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the interpersonal relationship formed between teachers and students was the strongest predictor for teachers' joy (positive relation) and anxiety (negative relation), whereas lack of discipline in class best predicted teachers' anger experiences. Students' engagement also proved a significant predictor of teacher emotions. The results suggest that interpersonal TSR plays a particularly important role in teachers' emotional experiences in class.

The purpose of this study was to analyze how four potential stressors in the school environment (discipline problems, time pressure, low student motivation, and value dissonance) were related to dimensions of teacher burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment). Participants were 1145 teachers from grade 1 to 13. Data were analyzed by means of confirmatory factor analysis and SEM analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis including the four stressors and the three dimensions of burnout had good fit to the data and the correlations between the factors were moderate. Although all the potential stressors were significantly related to emotional exhaustion, time pressure was the far strongest predictor. In comparison, depersonalization and personal accomplishment was not significantly related to time pressure but was significantly predicted by discipline problems, low student motivation, and value dissonance. Teachers at the lowest grade levels reported more discipline problems and higher time pressure than teachers at higher grade levels, whereas teachers at the highest grade levels experienced low student motivation as a greater problem than teachers at lower grade levels.

The Methodology Corner has opted to call attention to questionable research practices in 2025. This first column of the year specifically looks at p-hacking. Studies subject to p-hacking may be harmful to the science of nursing education. This article provides recommendations for the nursing education community on how to help prevent p-hacking in the nursing literature. [J Nurs Educ. 2025;64(3):211–212.]

Although intellectual conflict may be an important instructional tool (because of its potential constructive outcomes), conflict is rarely structured in instructional situations (because of its potential destructive outcomes). Many educators may be apprehensive about instigating intellectual conflict among students because of the lack of operational procedures to guide them. Ideally, operational procedures should be based on social science theory that is validated by research. \"Constructive controversy\" is an instructional procedure that is designed to create intellectual conflict among students and that meets these criteria. The authors of this article summarize the theory underlying constructive controversy and review the results of their meta-analysis of the validating research. The positive outcomes indicate that intellectual conflict can have important and positive effects on student learning and well-being.

Cooperative behavior is important for well-functioning high school classrooms in which students trust their teachers and actively engage in academic tasks. Yet, discipline referrals for disruption and defiance are all too common and can result in lost instructional time and increased teacher stress. As such, more needs to be understood about trusting and cooperative interactions in classrooms. This study examined teachers' relational approach to discipline as a predictor of high school students' behavior and their trust in teacher authority. Findings from interviews and surveys with 32 teachers and 32 discipline-referred students supported a mediational model; the association between a relational approach to discipline and cooperative or defiant behavior was mediated by adolescents' perceptions of their teachers as trustworthy authority figures. Teachers may earn the trust and cooperation of students if they use relationship building to prevent discipline problems. Implications for school psychologists' consultation with teachers and the racial discipline gap are discussed.

Student misbehaviour in the classroom is a challenge for many teachers. The aim of this study is to identify the main behavioural problems and highlight the Positive Discipline techniques used by teachers in primary classrooms. The study was carried out by a teacher-practitioner in one school using the Positive Discipline approach. Twenty lessons across different subjects were observed and a qualitative content analysis of the data was obtained. The results revealed that the most common reasons for pupils’ misbehaviour are attention-seeking, power-seeking and inadequate behaviour, to which teachers respond with Positive Discipline techniques (encouragement, behavioural redirection and logical consequences). We believe that the use of the Positive Discipline approach is a universal tool that can help teachers improve the learning process of their students by identifying the targets of their misbehaviour and responding appropriately to it.