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The high-rise diver
\"Riva is a \"high-rise diver,\" a top athlete with millions of fans and a perfectly functioning human on every level. Suddenly she rebels, breaking her contract and refusing to train. Cameras are everywhere in her world, but she doesn't know her every move is being watched by Hitomi, the psychologist tasked with reining Riva back in. Unquestionably loyal to the system, Hitomi's own life is at stake: should she fail to deliver, she will be banned to the \"peripheries,\" the filthy outskirts of society.\"--Back cover.
Respiratory system responses to a maximal apnoea
A maximal apnoea provides significant challenges to one's physiological systems, including significantly altered arterial blood gases, and requires a highly integrative response from multiple systems, that is, changes in blood pressure, maintenance of cerebral blood flow, etc. Previous work and reviews have focused on the cardiovascular responses to a maximal apnoea, but very little work has focused upon the responses of the respiratory muscles and respiratory mechanics. This is important because of the changes to arterial blood gases leading to an increased drive to breath and the appearance of involuntary respiratory muscle contractions. This review outlines what is known about how the respiratory system responds to a maximal apnoea. We put forth the hypothesis that the respiratory muscles may become fatigued following a maximal apnoea and that the respiratory muscles of elite divers may be more fatigue‐resistant, which could be an important feature of these individuals which allows them to be successful in this sport. Finally, we provide direction for future work to explore the long‐term health of apnoea diving. What is the topic of this review? This narrative review outlines the known and unknown responses of the respiratory system to a maximal apnoea. What advances does it highlight? This review enhances our understanding of the respiratory responses to a maximal apnoea by outlining how the respiratory muscles respond and how respiratory mechanics may change during or as a result of a maximal apnoea. We put forth novel hypotheses about these parameters, that is, development of respiratory muscle fatigue, and provide future directions for experimental studies using apnoea as a physiological stressor.
Journal Article
Solving a Seismic Mystery With the Audio From a Diver's Camera: A Case of Shallow Water T‐Waves in the Persian Gulf
Sparse offshore coverage of seismic networks has hindered detailed studies of submarine earthquakes and their associated seismic hazard. We present results of our analysis of a diver's recording of acoustic signals from an ML = 5.6 earthquake in the Persian Gulf. We model the signals as a set of several shallow water T phases the frequency and group velocity of which are determined by bathymetry. We show that the audio track from this recording can provide reliable estimates of earthquake location and seismic moment. We also show that the reported shaking in the southern Persian Gulf, >170 km from the source of this small earthquake could result from T waves traveling through the entire width of the basin. Our results point to rudimentary and affordable underwater microphones similar to those used in the divers' cameras as tools to build efficient, low‐cost networks for the study of offshore events and early warning. Plain Language Summary The lack of offshore seismic stations or the low population of such networks has caused our knowledge of near‐shore earthquake sources to be incomplete. To this end, and as a possible tool to study the source of submarine earthquakes, we have analyzed the video recording from a group of divers who have captured the moments during an earthquake in the Persian Gulf region. This earthquake which occurred on the northern, Iranian side of the Persian Gulf was strongly felt along its southern shorelines, more than 170 km from the epicenter. The analysis of this video, which surfaced on social media, points to a set of trapped acoustic signals in the water, or T‐waves, in close proximity of the source. We show that such recordings can be reliably used to obtain important information regarding the earthquake source, including its location and magnitude. Besides, we make the case that the reported shaking in Dubai was likely due to the arrival of such high‐pitch T‐ waves from the earthquake. Finally, we propose that cheap microphones existing in standard entertainment cameras can be used to build efficient underwater networks for monitoring small to moderate offshore events. Key Points We use a diver's camera recording to study an offshore, moderate earthquake in the Persian Gulf A propagation model and simulations of shallow water T‐waves are presented Low‐cost, entertainment‐quality, subsea hydrophones run by citizen scientists can augment monitoring of offshore events
Journal Article
Mermaids
Told that she should not pursue her dream of becoming a diver, a young Korean girl proves that she has the courage to be one after all.
Book
The advantages of diving deep
How predators maximize energetic gains while minimizing the costs associated with exploiting heterogeneous prey remains a difficult ecological principle to test in natural systems. Deep‐diving, air‐breathing predators face conflicting demands of oxygen conservation to extend dive time and oxygen usage from the exercise required to find and capture prey. How predators balance these opposing factors is additionally complicated by prey patches that are heterogeneous spatially, temporally and in quality. Tags deployed on foraging fin whales revealed that deeper dives consisted of higher feeding rates (lunges/hr), as generally predicted by optimal foraging theory. By simultaneously measuring prey density and distribution in the local environment, we show that whales increased their dive depths in order to forage on the densest prey patches. Despite the increased travel time needed to find deeper prey during a breath‐hold dive, the increase in feeding rates of fin whales and modelled prey consumption quadrupled compared to shallow foraging. Because the cost of transport is low at this extreme in body size, we posit that feeding on the deep prey patches significantly increases the energetic efficiency of foraging. Given the increasing recognition that anthropogenic disturbance can curtail deep foraging dives in many cetacean species, endangered fin whales may be susceptible to significant energetic losses that may impact individual fitness and population health in some areas. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Journal Article
Vegetation Greening and Climate Warming Increased the Propagation Risk From Meteorological Drought to Soil Drought at Subseasonal Timescales
Subseasonal droughts including flash droughts have occurred frequently in recent years, which are accompanied by heatwaves or wildfires that raise a wide concern on environmental risk. However, the changing characteristics of subseasonal drought propagation, and the possible climate and environmental drivers remain unknown. This study quantifies the propagation characteristics from meteorological drought to soil drought using a Copula‐based Bayesian framework, and shows that higher propagation risks mainly occur in more humid regions with denser vegetation cover. Trends in drought propagation risk vary regionally, with a global increase of 2%/decade (p < 0.01) during 1980–2022. Vegetation greening and climate warming are the key drivers over >71% of the global vegetated lands, with mean contribution rates of 39.5% and 36.5% respectively. Other climatic factors including vapor pressure deficit and precipitation also paly critical roles, which closely correlate with temperature and vegetation. These findings highlight the importance of vegetation greening on subseasonal drought propagation dynamics. Plain Language Summary Changing characteristics of seasonal‐interannual drought propagation have been well studied at watershed scales, and they were found to be principally ruled by climate divers and moderately affected by vegetation factors. In a changing environment, subseasonal droughts have occurred frequently worldwide, showing different characteristics and environmental responses with long‐term droughts. However, how climate and environment factors affect the subseasonal drought propagation characteristics remains unknown. This study investigates the propagation risk from meteorological drought to soil drought at subseasonal timescales based on a conditional probability method. We found that higher subseasonal drought propagation risks were mainly located in more humid vegetated regions, and the propagation risk showed an overall increasing trend (p < 0.01) from a global perspective but with significant spatial variations during 1980–2022. Climatic and vegetation factors jointly affect the trends in subseasonal drought propagation risks. Among them, vegetation greening and climate warming were the most important drivers over >71% of global vegetated regions. Key Points Higher propagation risk from subseasonal meteorological to soil drought mainly occurred in humid regions with denser vegetation cover Trends in subseasonal drought propagation risk varied regionally, with a global mean increase of 2%/decade during 1980–2022 Greening and warming were the key drivers of the trends, with global mean contribution rates of 39.5% and 36.5% respectively
Journal Article
