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Background: Alteration of liver morphology and function is common following major burns; however, it has not received much attention. Objectives: To explore the response of liver enzymes (LE) to a 12-week Resistance Band Training (RBT) in Burned Patients. Methods: Single-blinded, RCT, sixty participants, aged 25 to 40, with burn injuries encompassing 30 to 50% of their body surface area, were distributed randomly into two equal groups. Group A underwent a Resistance Band Training (RBT) with conventional physical therapy and medical treatment. Group B underwent only conventional physical therapy and medical treatment. Measuring liver enzyme levels, comprising aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were done utilizing a spectrophotometer. Results: A substantial primary effect of therapy was observed. (F = 10.89, p = 0.001, η² = 0.28) in comparison to the control group, with percentage improvements of 49.61% and 37.89%, respectively, versus 42.79% and 17.88% in Group B. Conclusion: RBT appears to be an effective complementary intervention for improving liver enzyme levels and promoting hepatic function in burn patients. Antecedentes: La alteración de la morfología y función hepática es común después de quemaduras graves; sin embargo, no ha recibido mucha atención. Objetivos: Explorar la respuesta de las enzimas hepáticas (LE) a un Entrenamiento con Bandas de Resistencia (RBT) de 12 semanas en Pacientes Quemados. Métodos: Sesenta participantes, ECA, cegados individualmente, de 25 a 40 años, con lesiones por quemaduras que abarcaban del 30 al 50% de su superficie corporal, se distribuyeron al azar en dos grupos iguales. El grupo A se sometió a un Entrenamiento con Bandas de Resistencia (RBT) con fisioterapia convencional y tratamiento médico. El grupo B se sometió solo a fisioterapia convencional y tratamiento médico. La medición de los niveles de enzimas hepáticas, que comprenden aspartato transaminasa (AST) y alanina transaminasa (ALT) se realizó utilizando un espectrofotómetro. Resultados: Se observó un efecto primario sustancial de la terapia. (F = 10,89, p = 0,001, η2 = 0,28) en comparación con el grupo control, con mejoras porcentuales del 49,61% y 37,89%, respectivamente, frente al 42,79% y 17,88% en el Grupo B. Conclusión: La RBT parece ser una intervención complementaria eficaz para mejorar los niveles de enzimas hepáticas y promover la función hepática en pacientes quemados. Contexto: As alterações da morfologia e função hepáticas são comuns após queimaduras graves; no entanto, este aspecto não tem merecido muita atenção. Objectivos: Explorar a resposta das enzimas hepáticas (EH) a um programa de treino com banda elástica (TFE) de 12 semanas em doentes queimados. Métodos: Sessenta participantes de um ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado (ECR), com idades compreendidas entre os 25 e os 40 anos e com queimaduras que cobriam 30% a 50% da superfície corporal, foram alocados aleatoriamente a dois grupos iguais, com cegamento individual. O Grupo A realizou o TFE associado à fisioterapia convencional e ao tratamento medicamentoso. O Grupo B realizou apenas fisioterapia convencional e tratamento medicamentoso. Os níveis de enzimas hepáticas, incluindo aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT), foram medidos por espectrofotometria. Resultados: Observou-se um efeito primário substancial da terapêutica. (F = 10,89, p = 0,001, η² = 0,28) em comparação com o grupo de controlo, com melhorias percentuais de 49,61% e 37,89%, respetivamente, versus 42,79% e 17,88% no Grupo B. Conclusão: A terapia com radiofrequência parece ser uma intervenção adjuvante eficaz para melhorar os níveis de enzimas hepáticas e promover a função hepática em doentes queimados.

Over the past 20 years, management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has improved considerably, leading to increased overall survival and more patients eligible for third- or later-line therapy. Currently, two oral therapies are recommended in the third-line treatment of mCRC, regorafenib and trifluridine/tipiracil. Selecting the most appropriate treatment in the third-line setting poses different challenges compared with treatment selection at earlier stages. Therefore, it is important for physicians to understand and differentiate between available treatment options and to communicate the benefits and challenges of these to patients. In this narrative review, practical information on regorafenib is provided to aid physicians in their decision-making and patient communications in daily practice. We discuss the importance of appropriate patient selection and adverse events management through close patient monitoring and dose adjustments to ensure patients stay on treatment for longer and receive as much benefit as possible. We also highlight key physician–patient communication points to facilitate shared decision-making.

Extensively revised and updated, the new edition of the highly regarded Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes is an essential reference for biochemists, biotechnologists and molecular biologists.Edited by world-renowned experts in the field, this comprehensive work provides detailed information on all known proteolytic enzymes to date.

Synthetic dyes are highly stable, offer a wide range of colors, and have easy industrial applications. Nevertheless, dyes become a problem in aqueous environments due to their long permanence and low biodegradability. White-rot fungi are useful to degrade dyes through their ligninolytic enzymes and/or biosorption. This work evaluated the effect of 2,5-dimethylaniline, glucose, ammonium tartrate, copper sulfate, pH, and temperature on the degradation of Turquoise Blue (TB) dye in aqueous solutions by Leptosphaerulinasp. (Colombian native fungus). Assays were developed applying a response surface experimental design, which found that the ammonium tartrate and pH are the most influential variables on TB removal. Leptosphaerulinasp. decolorizes aqueous solutions with TB (99%, at day 8), mainly through sorption (89%). Therefore, one of the significant findings from this study is that the Leptosphaerulinasp. biomass is a promising alternative as biosorbent, in comparison to physical-chemical traditional methods, for treating wastewaters polluted with dyes. Los colorantes sintéticos son estables, ofrecen una amplia gama de colores y fáciles aplicaciones industriales. Sin embargo, en ambientes acuosos representan un problema por su larga permanencia y baja biodegradabilidad. Los hongos de podredumbre blanca pueden degradar colorantes a través de sus enzimas ligninolíticas y/o biosorción. Este trabajo evaluó el efecto de 2,5-dimetilanilina, glucosa, tartrato de amonio, sulfato de cobre, pH y temperatura sobre la degradación del colorante azul turquesa (TB) en soluciones acuosas por Leptosphaerulina sp. (hongo nativo de Colombia). Los ensayos se desarrollaron aplicando un diseño experimental de superficie de respuesta, que encontró al tartrato de amonio y el pH como las variables más influyentes para remover el TB. Leptosphaerulinasp. elimina el TB (99%, día 8), principalmente por sorción (89%). Por lo tanto, la biomasa de Leptosphaerulinasp. es una alternativa promisoria como biosorbente, frente a los métodos tradicionales físico-químicos, para tratar aguas residuales contaminadas con colorantes.

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of metals to the development of oxidative stress in fish. Metals are important inducers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, promoting formation of reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms. Redox active metals generate reactive oxygen species through redox cycling, while metals without redox potential impair antioxidant defences, especially that of thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and enzyme inactivation. Antioxidant defences include the enzyme system and low molecular weight antioxidants. Metal-binding proteins, such as ferritin, ceruloplasmin and metallothioneins, have special functions in the detoxification of toxic metals and also play a role in the metabolism and homeostasis of essential metals. Recent studies of metallothioneins as biomarkers indicate that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of metallothionein genes can be appropriate in cases with elevated levels of metals and no evidence of oxidative damage in fish tissue. Components of the antioxidant defence are used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress. These markers may be manifested differently in the field than in results found in laboratory studies. A complex approach should be taken in field studies of metal contamination of the aquatic environment.

Background: The treatment of pain in companion animals is of great importance nowadays. The presence of various drugs as alternative therapies for pain should be studied to improve the quality of life and well-being of patients in the small species clinic. For years, acetaminophen or also called acetaminophen has been misused in dogs and cats, producing toxic effects after administration at high doses. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluated the effects on renal and hepatic enzymes after pre- and post-surgical administration of acetaminophen in dogs undergoing ovarian hysterectomy surgeries, performed by students in their last semesters at the university, and to evaluate its effect as a trans- and post-surgical analgesic therapy. Methods: For this purpose, a dose of acetaminophen was administered 30 minutes before the procedure and 48 hours after surgery. Pain was assessed with the Glasgow Pain Scale during surgery and at 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the surgical procedure. To evaluate the effect on liver enzymes and renal analytes, blood studies were performed 7 days before surgery and 5 days after. Results: No significant changes in renal analytes and liver enzymes were observed after application of the drug every 6 and 8 hours for 48 hours. Furthermore, during the surgical procedure, anesthesia and analgesia remained stable, as well as a low score on the pain scale, indicating absence of postoperative pain, although the total surgery time was longer than usual. Conclusions: The use of acetaminophen at adequate doses does not produce hepatic and renal alterations, besides being an excellent analgesic in prolonged surgeries and postoperative pain.

Este estudio evaluó la actividad pectinolítica de las enzimas producidas por el aislado Aspergillus niger M6P21 (P. Micheli, 1729), utilizando albedo de piña, albedo de maracuyá y una combinación de ambos como únicas fuentes de carbono, con pectina comercial como control. El aislado M6P21 fue obtenido de un cultivo de piña en el distrito Sarandelo de Lorica, Córdoba, Colombia. La producción enzimática se evaluó en cuatro tratamientos: albedo de piña, albedo de maracuyá, su mezcla y pectina comercial. La actividad pectinolítica se monitoreó durante tres días, y los resultados se expresaron como concentración de azúcares reductores. Los hallazgos demostraron una actividad enzimática notable: 0,2816 g/L para el albedo de piña, 0,2740 g/L para el albedo de maracuyá, 0,3923 g/L para la mezcla de sustratos y 0,3046 g/L para la pectina comercial. El análisis estadístico mediante ANOVA arrojó un valor – p  de 0,9383, lo que indica que no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Estos resultados resaltan el potencial de Aspergillus niger M6P21 para la producción de pectinasas a partir de subproductos agroindustriales, ofreciendo un enfoque biotecnológico sostenible para la valorización de residuos frutales en las industrias alimentaria y biotecnológica. This study evaluated the pectinolytic activity of enzymes produced by the Aspergillus niger M6P21 isolate (P. Micheli, 1729), using pineapple albedo, passion fruit albedo, and a combination of both as sole carbon sources, with commercial pectin serving as the control. The M6P21 isolate was isolated from a pineapple crop in the Sarandelo district of Lorica, Córdoba, Colombia. Enzyme production was assessed across four treatments: pineapple albedo, passion fruit albedo, their mixture, and commercial pectin. Pectinolytic activity was monitored over three days, with results expressed as reducing sugar concentration. The findings demonstrated notable enzymatic activity: 0.2816 g/L for pineapple albedo, 0.2740 g/L for passion fruit albedo, 0.3923 g/L for the mixed substrates, and 0.3046 g/L for commercial pectin. Statistical analysis using ANOVA yielded a p-value of 0.9383, indicating no significant differences among the treatments. These results highlight the potential of Aspergillus niger M6P21 for pectinase production from agro-industrial by-products, offering a sustainable biotechnological approach for the valorization of fruit waste in the food and biotechnology industries.

Feeding is one of the most critical items in pig production. Phosphorus, protein, and energy sources represent the most expensive ingredients in the feed. Phytases are enzymes used for many years to take advantage of plant phosphorus and reduce costs. Despite  many studies with various methodologies and results, they have not been thoroughly systematized. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of phytases on performance in pigs. Effect size, heterogeneity, meta-regressions, and publication bias were determined. Phytase-supplemented pigs gained 25.17 g (p < 0.05) more daily weight than controls. Piglets can gain up to 39.89 g (p < 0.05). The pigs ingested a greater amount of feed, 23.44 and 28.61 g (p < 0.05), per day than the control in the general analysis and piglets, respectively. Crude protein, metabolizable energy, total calcium and phosphorus, duration, and level of phytases in the diet affected performance (p < 0.05). No publication bias was found. Including phytases favors weight gain and feed intake in general pigs and piglets but not in growing-finishing pigs. The effect of other nutrients and the duration and level (dose) of phytases must be considered at the time of formulation.

Copoazú is a fruit originated from Colombian Amazon belonging to Theobroma genus, which includes species such as cacao raw material for chocolate. Both species presented similar processing stages, with different process parameters due to the physical qualities of each fruit. Enzymatic, mechanical, and combined methods for pulping copoazú seeds and their effect on the biochemical dynamics of fermentation were evaluated. The pulping treatments evaluated were manual (Ma), mechanical (Me), enzymatic (Ez), and enzymatic-mechanical (Ez-Me), considering the yield as a response variable. The results showed higher percentages of pulp recovery for enzymatic, enzymatic-mechanical, and manual treatments with 61.01%, 66.80%, and 65.71%, respectively. The dynamics of the fermentation showed a reduction of seven to four days for the fermentation stage with the enzymatic treatments, registering up to 85.3% of well-fermented grain at the end of this phase.

Abstract Objective: Orthodontic force application releases multiple enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for activation, resorption, reversal, deposition of osseous elements and extracellular matrix degradation. The current systematic review critically evaluated all existing evidence on enzymes in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Literature was searched with predetermined search strategy on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), along with hand search. Results: Initial search identified 652 studies, shortlisted to 52 studies based on PRISMA. Quality assessment further led to final inclusion of 48 studies (13 moderately and 35 highly sensitive studies). Primary outcomes are significant upregulation in GCF levels of enzymes-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (βG), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and down regulation in cathepsin B (Cb). Site specificity is shown by ALP, TRAP, AST, LDH, MMP9 with levels at compression site increasing earlier and in higher quantities compared with tension site. ALP levels are higher at tension site only in retention. A positive correlation of LDH, ALP and AST is also observed with increasing orthodontic force magnitude. Conclusions: A strong evidence of variation in enzymes (ALP, AST, ACP TRAP, LDH, MMPs, Cb) in GCF is found in association with different magnitude, stages and sites of orthodontic force application. Resumo Objetivo: a aplicação da força ortodôntica libera múltiplas enzimas no fluído crevicular gengival (FCG), desencadeando a ativação, reabsorção, reversão, deposição de elementos ósseos e degradação da matriz extracelular. A presente revisão sistemática avaliou criticamente toda a evidência disponível sobre os níveis de enzimas durante a movimentação ortodôntica. Métodos: utilizando-se estratégias predeterminadas, foram realizadas buscas em bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), sendo também feitas buscas manuais. Resultados: a busca inicial identificou 652 estudos e, com base nas diretrizes do PRISMA, foram selecionados 52 estudos. A avaliação qualitativa resultou na inclusão final de 48 estudos (13 estudos com moderada sensibilidade e 35 com alto nível de sensibilidade). Os desfechos primários foram o aumento significativo dos níveis no FCG das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (FA), metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (βG), fosfatase ácido-resistente ao tartarato (TRAP), fosfatase ácida (FAC) e baixa regulação de catepsina B (Cb). Especificidade quanto ao local foi mostrada para FA, TRAP, AST, LDH e MMP9 com os níveis no lado de compressão aumentando mais rápido e em maiores quantidades, quando comparado ao lado de tensão. Os níveis de FA foram maiores no lado de tensão somente no período de contenção. Uma correlação positiva de LDH, FA e AST também foi observada à medida que a magnitude de força ortodôntica aumentou. Conclusões: há fortes evidências indicando que as variações nas enzimas (FA, AST, FAC, TRAP, LDH, MMPs, Cb) presentes no FCG estão associadas a diferentes magnitudes, estágios e locais de aplicação da força ortodôntica.