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Background: The ability to resist adverse outcomes, or demonstrate resilience after exposure to trauma is a thriving field of study. Yet ongoing debate persists regarding definitions of resilience, generalizability of the extant literature, neurobiological correlates, and a consensus research agenda. Objectives: To address these pressing questions, Drs. Christy Denckla and Karestan Koenen (co-chairs) convened a multidisciplinary panel including Drs. Dante Cicchetti, Laura Kubzansky, Soraya Seedat, Martin Teicher, and David Williams at the 2019 annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). Questions included (1) how have definitions of resilience evolved, (2) what are the best approaches to capture the complexity of resilience processes, and (3) what are the most important areas for future research? Methods: The proceedings of this panel are summarized in this report, and prominent themes are synthesized and integrated. Results: While different definitions emerged, all shared a focus on conceptualizing resilience at multiple levels, from the biological to the social structural level, a focus on the dynamic nature of resilience, and a move away from conceptualizing resilience as only an individual trait. Critical areas for future research included 1) focused efforts to improve assessment that has international and cross-cultural validity, 2) developing within-study designs that employ more intensive phenotyping strategies, 3) examining outcomes across multiple levels and domains, and 4) integrating conceptualizations of resilience from the individual-level to the larger social context at the population health level. Conclusion: Increasingly sophisticated and nuanced conceptual frameworks, coupled with research leveraging advances in genetics, molecular biology, increased computational capacity, and larger, more diverse datasets suggest that the next decade of research could bring significant breakthroughs. * The field of psychological resilience is characterized by ongoing debate over definitions, generalizability, and a research agenda.*Evolving definitions share a focus on conceptualizing resilience at multiple levels, a focus on dynamic processes, and moving away from individual trait conceptualizations.* Future research recommendations include improving assessment cross-culturally, employing within-study designs, and examining outcomes at multiple levels and domains.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating disorder which has a significant impact on the lives of sufferers. A number of early psychological interventions have been developed to try to prevent chronic difficulties. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the current evidence for the effectiveness of multiple session early psychological interventions aimed at preventing or treating traumatic stress symptoms beginning within three months of trauma exposure. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of early multiple session psychological interventions aimed at preventing or reducing traumatic stress symptoms of individuals exposed to a traumatic event, fulfiling trauma criteria for an ICD or DSM diagnosis of PTSD were identified through a search of the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group Clinical Trials Registers database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and PILOTS. Two authors independently extracted study details and data and completed risk of bias assessments. Analyses were undertaken using Review Manager software. Quality of findings were rated according to 'Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation' (GRADE) and appraised for clinical importance. Results: Sixty-one studies evaluating a variety of interventions were identified. For individuals exposed to a trauma who were not pre-screened for traumatic stress symptoms there were no clinically important differences between any intervention and usual care. For individuals reporting traumatic stress symptoms we found clinically important evidence of benefits for trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT-T), cognitive therapy without exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Differences were greatest for those diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD. Conclusions: There is evidence for the effectiveness of several early psychological interventions for individuals with traumatic stress symptoms following trauma exposure, especially for those meeting the diagnostic threshold for ASD or PTSD. Evidence is strongest for trauma-focused CBT. * We found no clinically important evidence for the benefit of early intervention offered to all individuals exposed to a traumatic event, regardless of symptomatology.* There was evidence of a clinically important effect for trauma-focused CBT (CBT-T), brief EMDR and cognitive therapy without exposure.* Evidence was strongest for CBT-T.

This study investigated the effect of high temperature and drought (during grain-filling) on the quality and components yield of five winter wheat varieties. Drought and drought + heat were found to have a much greater influence on the yield and quality than heat stress alone. Averaged over the varieties, the yield losses were 57% after drought, 76% after drought + heat, and only 31% after heat stresses. The reductions in the unextractable polymeric protein fraction and glutenin-to-gliadin ratio indicated a poorer grain yield quality, despite the higher protein content. Quality deterioration was observed after drought or drought + heat, while high temperatures alone resulted in no change or in a better ratio of protein components. A significant negative correlation was observed between starch granule size and relative protein content after drought.

Arabidopsis WRKY proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, encoded by a large gene family, which contain the highly conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK and the zinc-finger-like motifs, Cys₂His₂ or Cys₂HisCys. They can recognize and bind the TTGAC(C/T) W-box cis-elements found in the promoters of target genes, and are involved in the regulation of gene expression during pathogen defense, wounding, trichome development, and senescence. Here we investigated the physiological function of the Arabidopsis WRKY22 transcription factor during dark-induced senescence. WRKY22 transcription was suppressed by light and promoted by darkness. In addition, AtWRKY22 expression was markedly induced by H₂O₂. These results indicated that AtWRKY22 was involved in signal pathways in response to abiotic stress. Dark-treated AtWRKY22 over-expression and knockout lines showed accelerated and delayed senescence phenotypes, respectively, and senescence-associated genes exhibited increased and decreased expression levels. Mutual regulation existed between AtWRKY22 and AtWRKY6, AtWRKY53, and AtWRKY70, respectively. Moreover, AtWRKY22 could influence their relative expression levels by feedback regulation or by other, as yet unknown mechanisms in response to dark. These results prove that AtWRKY22 participates in the dark-induced senescence signal transduction pathway.

Global increase in ambient temperature is a critical factor for plant growth. In order to study the changes in growth over short intervals, various primary and secondary metabolites, and their relationships with thermotolerance, 1-month-old sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) sprouts were grown under control conditions (28 deg C) or under heat-stress conditions (40 deg C), and measurements were made at six 12-h intervals. Heat stress greatly reduced dry matter and leaf area of sprouts initially but only nominally later on. Changes in the rates of relative growth and net assimilation were greater than relative leaf expansion, indicating an adverse effect of heat on assimilation of nutrients and CO2 in producing dry matter. Although reduction in leaf water potential was an immediate response to heat, this effect was offset by early synthesis of free proline, glycinebetaine and soluble sugars (primary metabolites). Among secondary metabolites, anthocyanin synthesis was similar to primary metabolites; carotenoids and soluble phenolics accumulated later while chlorophyll remained unaffected. Relationships of growth attributes and metabolite levels, not seen in the controls, were evident under heat stress. In summary, observed changes in metabolite levels were spread over time and space and were crucial in improving net assimilation and heat tolerance of sugarcane.

Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs), within a subgroup of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family, are involved in diverse plant reactions to biotic or abiotic stresses. Here, we report that overexpression of an ERF gene from Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis (BrERF4) led to improved tolerance to salt and drought stresses in Arabidopsis. It also significantly affected the growth and development of transgenic plants. We detected that salt-induced expressions of a transcriptional repressor gene, AtERF4, and some Ser/Thr protein phosphatase2C genes, ABI1, ABI2 and AtPP2CA, were suppressed in BrERF4-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, BrERF4 was induced by treatment with ethylene or methyljasmonate, but not by abscisic acid or NaCl in B. rapa. These results suggest that BrERF4 is activated through a network of different signaling pathways in response to salinity and drought.

Plant growth is greatly affected by drought and low temperature. Expression of a number of genes is induced by both drought and low temperature, although these stresses are quite different. Previous experiments have established that a cis-acting element named DRE (for dehydration-responsive element) plays an important role in both dehydration- and low-temperature-induced gene expression in Arabidopsis. Two cDNA clones that encode DRE binding proteins, DREB1A and DREB2A, were isolated by using the yeast one-hybrid screening technique. The two cDNA libraries were prepared from dehydrated and cold-treated rosette plants, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of DREB1A and DREB2A showed no significant sequence similarity, except in the conserved DNA binding domains found in the EREBP and APETALA2 proteins that function in ethylene-responsive expression and floral morphogenesis, respectively. Both the DREB1A and DREB2A proteins specifically bound to the DRE sequence in vitro and activated the transcription of the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the DRE sequence in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts. Expression of the DREB1A gene and its two homologs was induced by low-temperature stress, whereas expression of the DREB2A gene and its single homolog was induced by dehydration. Overexpression of the DREB1A cDNA in transgenic Arabidopsis plants not only induced strong expression of the target genes under unstressed conditions but also caused dwarfed phenotypes in the transgenic plants. These transgenic plants also revealed freezing and dehydration tolerance. In contrast, overexpression of the DREB2A cDNA induced weak expression of the target genes under unstressed conditions and caused growth retardation of the transgenic plants. These results indicate that two independent families of DREB proteins, DREB1 and DREB2, function as trans-acting factors in two separate signal transduction pathways under low-temperature and dehydration conditions, respectively

Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY39, a transcription factor that is induced by heat stress, is a member of the group Ⅱ WRKY proteins and responds to both abiotic and biotic stress. Heat-treated seeds and plants of WRKY39 knock-down mutants had increased susceptibility to heat stress, showing reduced germination, decreased survival, and elevated electrolyte leakage compared with wild-type plants. In contrast, WRKY39 over-expressing plants exhibited enhanced thermotolerance compared with wild-type plants. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis of wrky39 mutants and WRKY39 over-expressing plants identified putative genes regulated by WRKY39. Consistent with a role for WRKY39 in heat tolerance, the expression levels of salicylic acid (SA)-regulated PR1 and SA-related MBF1c genes were downregulated in wrky39 mutants. In contrast, over-expression of WRKY39 increased the expression of PR1 and MBF1c. The WRKY39 transcript was induced in response to treatment with SA or methyljasmonate. Analysis of heat stress-induced WRKY39 in defense signaling mutants, including coi1, ein2, and sid2, further indicated that WRKY39 was positively co-regulated by the SA and jasmonate (JA) signaling pathways. Together, these findings reveal that heat stress-induced WRKY39 positively regulates the cooperation between the SA- and JA-activated signaling pathways that mediate responses to heat stress.

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of metals to the development of oxidative stress in fish. Metals are important inducers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, promoting formation of reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms. Redox active metals generate reactive oxygen species through redox cycling, while metals without redox potential impair antioxidant defences, especially that of thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and enzyme inactivation. Antioxidant defences include the enzyme system and low molecular weight antioxidants. Metal-binding proteins, such as ferritin, ceruloplasmin and metallothioneins, have special functions in the detoxification of toxic metals and also play a role in the metabolism and homeostasis of essential metals. Recent studies of metallothioneins as biomarkers indicate that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of metallothionein genes can be appropriate in cases with elevated levels of metals and no evidence of oxidative damage in fish tissue. Components of the antioxidant defence are used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress. These markers may be manifested differently in the field than in results found in laboratory studies. A complex approach should be taken in field studies of metal contamination of the aquatic environment.

Background: A single, 200-mg iron injection for newborn pigs is a common practice in swine production. It is required to provide sufficient iron for newborn pigs while avoiding the potential risk of excessive amount of iron causing oxidative stress. Objective: To evaluate the quantity and timing of a single or second iron injection into suckling piglets on growth performance and hematocrit levels. Methods: A total of 24 piglets from 4 litters were used in each experiment (3). Treatments were: Experiment 1- 1) Control: 150 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age, 2) Iron14: additional 100 mg iron injection at 14 d before weaning, and 3) Iron7: additional 100 mg iron injection at 7 d before weaning; Experiment 2- 1) Control: 100 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age, 2) Iron100/100: 100 mg iron at d 1-3 of age and 9 d after the first injection, and 3) Iron200: 200 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age; and Experiment 3 (at d 3-4 of age)- 1) Fe100: 100 mg iron injection, 2) Fe200: 200 mg iron injection, and 3) BW200: 125 mg iron injection/kg body weight. Pigs were weaned at d 25-28 of age. Growth performance and hematocrit levels were measured until d 13-14 postweaning. Results: In Experiment 1, the Iron14 treatment had a greater final body weight than the control treatment (p=0.07). Hematocrit levels were greater in the Iron14 (p=0.10) and Iron7 (p<0.05) treatments than in the control treatment at d 14 postweaning. In Experiment 2, average daily gain in the postweaning period was greater in the Iron100/100 treatment than in the control (p<0.05) and Iron200 (p=0.08) treatments. Hematocrit levels in the Iron200 treatment were greater than those in the control treatment (p<0.05) at d 13 postweaning. In Experiment 3, there was no difference in growth performance, but the BW200 treatment increased hematocrit levels to a greater degree than the Fe200 treatment (p<0.10). Conclusion: An additional iron injection earlier and a split iron injection to newborn pigs could benefit postweaning growth, but not by body weight-based iron injection. Hematocrit levels increase with a greater dose of iron injected although the magnitude varies depending on injection strategies.