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"Emile Durkheim"
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الرأسمالية والنظرية الاجتماعية الحديثة : تحليل كتابات ماركس ودركهايم وماكس فيبر
يعالج هذا الكتاب الرأسمالية نشأتها وتطورها والنظرية الاجتماعية الحديثة، الذي صدر عن دار التكوين بدمشق وقد عمد المؤلف إلى تقديم دراسة شاملة مع التحليل المعمق لأعمال آباء علم الاجتماع الكلاسيكيين، فأفرد جزءا لكتابات كارل ماركس، تضمن عرضا للمادية التاريخية والقيمة الفائضة وجيش البطالة الرأسمالي الاحتياطي وعلاقات الإنتاج والبنية الطبقية ونظرية النمو الرأسمالي وتعالي الرأسمالية وتحولها في آخر المطاف إلى الاشتراكية.
BOOK
Rethinking Durkheim and his Tradition
This book offers a reassessment of the work of Emile Durkheim in the context of a French philosophical tradition that had seriously misinterpreted Kant by interpreting his theory of the categories as psychological faculties. Durkheim's sociological theory of the categories, as revealed by Warren Schmaus, is an attempt to provide an alternative way of understanding Kant. For Durkheim the categories are necessary conditions for human society. The concepts of causality, space and time underpin the moral rules and obligations that make society possible. A particularly interesting feature of this book is its transcendence of the distinction between intellectual and social history by placing Durkheim's work in the context of the French educational establishment of the Third Republic. It does this by subjecting student notes and philosophy textbooks to the same sort of critical analysis typically applied only to the classics of philosophy.
eBook
Are Suicidal Behaviors Contagious in Adolescence? Using Longitudinal Data to Examine Suicide Suggestion
Durkheim argued that strong social relationships protect individuals from suicide. We posit, however, that strong social relationships also have the potential to increase individuals' vulnerability when they expose people to suicidality. Using three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we evaluate whether new suicidal thoughts and attempts are in part responses to exposure to role models' suicide attempts, specifically friends and family. We find that role models' suicide attempts do in fact trigger new suicidal thoughts, and in some cases attempts, even after significant controls are introduced. Moreover, we find these effects fade with time, girls are more vulnerable to them than boys, and the relationship to the role model—for teenagers at least—matters. Friends appear to be more salient role models for both boys and girls. Our findings suggest that exposure to suicidal behaviors in significant others may teach individuals new ways to deal with emotional distress, namely by becoming suicidal. This reinforces the idea that the structure—and content—of social networks conditions their role in preventing suicidality. Social ties can be conduits of not just social support, but also antisocial behaviors, like suicidality.
Journal Article
The Socioemotional Foundations of Suicide: A Microsociological View of Durkheim's Suicide
Durkheim's theory of suicide remains one of the quintessential \"classic\" theories in sociology. Since the 1960s and 1970s, however, it has been challenged on theoretical and empirical grounds. Rather than defend Durkheim's theory on its own terms, this paper elaborates his typology of suicide by sketching suicide's socioemotional structure. We integrate social psychological, psychological, and psychiatric advances in emotion research and argue that (1) egoistic, or attachment-based suicides, are driven primarily by sadness/hopelessness; (2) anomic/fatalistic, or regulative suicides, are driven by shame; and (3) mixed-types exist and are useful for developing a more robust and complex multilevel model.
Journal Article
‘La justice est pleine de charité’, ou la ‘révélation’ d'Émile Durkheim vue par Gaston Richard
Abstract Gaston Richard was not only among the first to be informed of the ‘revelation’ that Durkheim announced about his reading of William Robertson Smith in 1895. Among all the Durkheimians, Richard was alone in publicly declaring himself on the matter. The radical nature of his witness went far beyond the fact of calling into question the date as well as the subject of this ‘revelation’. For Richard, the constitution of Durkheim's religious sociology was ultimately ‘only a moment from a more ample study’ about obligation. The originality of his analysis derives as much from the fact of having seen the main source of Durkheim's inspiration in the neo-criticism of Charles Renouvier (parts 1 and 2) as from having criticized Durkheim's state-sociology, which was, if not the conclusion, then at least its political translation (part 3). Résumé Gaston Richard ne fut pas seulement aux toutes premières loges de la ‘révélation’ dont Durkheim fit part au sujet de sa lecture de William Robertson Smith, en 1895. De tous les durkheimiens, il fut encore le seul à s'y prononcer publiquement. La radicalité de son témoignage ira bien au-delà du fait de remettre en cause la date tout autant que l'objet de cette ‘révélation’ : pour Richard, la constitution de la sociologie religieuse durkheimienne ne fut en définitive ‘rien qu'un moment d'une étude beaucoup plus ample’ sur l'obligation. L'originalité de son analyse tient autant au fait d'en avoir vu la source d'inspiration majeure dans le néo-criticisme de Charles Renouvier (parties 1 & 2) que dans celui d'avoir critiqué la sociologie durkheimienne de l'État, qui en était sinon la conclusion, du moins la traduction politique (partie 3).
Journal Article
Durkheim
Emile Durkheim, along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is one of the three 'founding fathers of sociology'. This is the first book to situate his sociology in the context of his republican politics, freeing his ideas from more conventional studies and allowing the reader to see his ideas afresh.
This critical introduction argues that Durkheim's defence of Republican France in the 1890s had a considerable influence on his sociology, which cannot be fully understood when removed from its historical and political context. His dismissal of economic factors in suicide rates, the influence of his anti-feminist position on his findings on marriage rates, and the idealism behind his claim that religion is the key determinant in shaping society are all discussed.
Through analysing his writings, including The Division of Labour in Society, Suicide and The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, this book provides a fascinating, critical counterpoint to the existing works on this key figure of sociology.
eBook
The Legitimation of Criminal Deportation
This article presents a sociolegal study of decisions by a Canadian immigration tribunal on appeals for “humanitarian and compassionate” relief from criminal deportation. Drawing on the work of Émile Durkheim, we argue that the appeal decisions serve two legitimating functions. On the one hand, they seek to demonstrate the state’s capacity to ensure that the large-scale admission of mostly economic immigrants does not threaten the solidarity of Canadian society. On the other, the decisions address concerns about the justifiability of deportation by making vivid the moral incompetence of unsuccessful appellants, hence their unsuitability for membership. Cet article présente une étude sociojuridique des décisions prises par un tribunal canadien d’immigration en appel de décisions pour « motifs d’ordre humanitaire » suivant une mesure de renvoi fondé sur une déclaration de culpabilité au Canada. Sur la base des travaux d’Émile Durkheim, nous soutenons que ces décisions en appel remplissent deux fonctions de légitimation. D’une part, ces décisions tentent de faire la démonstration de la capacité de l’État à veiller à ce que l’admission à grande échelle d’immigrants, principalement des immigrants économiques, ne menace pas la solidarité de la société canadienne. D’autre part, ces décisions répondent aux préoccupations concernant la justification de la mesure de renvoi en mettant en évidence l’incompétence morale des requérants déboutés et donc leur inaptitude à devenir membres de la société canadienne.
Journal Article
Black and Jewish: “Double Consciousness” Inspired a Qualitative Interactional Approach that Centers Race, Marginality, and Justice
Classic theoretical arguments by seven Black and Jewish sociologists—informed by their experience of “double-consciousness”—comprise an important legacy in sociology. Approaches that ignore the role of racism and slavery in the rise of Western societies suppress and distort this legacy in favor of a White Christian Hero narrative. By contrast, Durkheim, a Jewish sociologist, took Roman enslaved and immigrant guild-workers as a starting point, positing the “constitutive practices” of their occupations as media of cooperation for achieving solidarity across diversity. His argument marks a transition from the treatment of social facts as durable symbolic residue in homogeneous cultures, to the qualitative study of constitutive social fact making in interaction in diverse social situations. Because making social facts in interaction requires mutual reciprocity, troubles occur frequently in contexts of inequality. Like W.E.B. DuBois, who first theorized double consciousness as a heightened awareness produced by racial exclusion, Harold Garfinkel looked to troubles experienced by the marginalized as clues to the taken-for-granted practices for making social order, calling them “ethno-methods.” Together with other Black and Jewish sociologists—Eric Williams, Oliver Cromwell Cox, Erving Goffman, and Harvey Sacks—they challenge popular interpretations of classical social theory, center Race and marginality, and explain how features of practice that unite/divide can be both interactional and institutionalized.
Journal Article
Living Theory
Living Theory: The Application of Classical Social Theory to Contemporary Life, 2nd edition analyzes major features of modern society from the classical theory point of view, and suggests how modern life might be explained from this viewpoint.
The author examines the works of four classical figures - Marx, Durkheim, Simmel, and Weber - because of their continuing influence on social theory, and because they addressed many of the central issues we confront in modern society.
Topics new to this edition include:
New electronic technologies
The battle over valued property
The role of trust in society
Governmental secrecy
Trafficking in human organs
eBook
The ‘Revelation’ in Durkheim's Sociology of Religion
Abstract What was the nature of the ‘revelation’ and of the appreciation of William Robertson Smith that, in 1907, Émile Durkheim dated to 1895? This article tracks new developments in his thought after 1895, including an emphasis on creative effervescence. But there was also continuity, involving a search for origins that used the ethnology of a living culture to identify early human socioreligious life with totemism in Australia. It is this continuity, at the core of his thought after 1895, which helps to bring out the nature of his ‘revelation’ and of his homage to Robertson Smith. It also highlights a problem with his start from an already complex Australian world, yet without a suitable evolutionary perspective available to him. However, a modern re-reading can reinstate Durkheim's interest in origins, in a story of hominin/human evolution over millions of years.
Journal Article