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"Employment policy"
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What Factors Influence the Survival of Subsidised Start-ups for the Unemployed in Slovakia?
Purpose: The aim of the paper is to analyse the factors of sustainability of the public policy subsidising start-ups for the unemployed in Slovakia. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis assesses the sustainability of subsidies in the period 2012-2016 based on data provided by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Logistic regression was used to identify the key factors. Findings: Research shows that in times of economic growth, policies to support the self-employment of the unemployed are a particularly effective form of active labour market policy, especially in the more developed regions. On the contrary, when serving as a business support tool, they lead to very low survival rates of the subsidised companies compared to results of other studies. In terms of factors affecting this sustainability, the length of unemployment, the amount of support, as well as regional characteristics emerge as the most significant. Practical implications: The results allow for a better definition of the conditions for providing subsidies to the unemployed to start a business in the future, while also showing that this instrument leads to employment retention rather than to the promotion of entrepreneurial activities. Originality/value: The research was carried out under specific conditions that had been little explored so far. The policy was evaluated at a time of strong economic growth accompanied by a significant reduction in unemployment. Also worth noting is that it was carried out in a country with some of the most pronounced regional disparities, which made it possible to compare the impact of the policy in different starting conditions.
Journal Article
Federalism in action : the devolution of Canada's public employment service, 1995-2015
\"Every developed country has a public employment service that connects job seekers with employers through information, placement, and training support services. In Federalism in Action, Donna E. Wood assesses how Canada's public employment service is performing after responsibility was transferred from the federal government to provinces, territories, and Aboriginal organizations between 1995 and 2015. Drawing upon over twenty years of data, Wood reveals the governance choices provinces made, the reasons behind these choices, and the outcomes they achieved. Provincial decisions regarding employment programming is an important public policy issue about which little is known, and even less understood within the context of Aboriginal communities. Federalism in Action includes analytical comparisons of Canada's employment programming with the United States, Australia, and the European Union, as well as information from insightful interviews with key informants from every province. In firmly placing Canada within the extensive international literature on the governance of welfare-to-work policies, this book makes an important new contribution to research.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Beyond minimum wage: Broader employment policies can significantly affect food insecurity
Although many have investigated the impacts of minimum wage on a broad array of health outcomes, innovative policies surrounding broader employment policies have largely not been studied. To that end, this paper contributes in three ways. First, it discusses the rise in precarious employment. Then, it turns to the current federal framework of employment policies, namely minimum wage. Finally, it explores what a broader definition of employment policies could include and how future studies could use state, county, and municipal policymaking in this space to investigate ways in which they might contribute to reducing food insecurity and in turn, improve health outcomes.
Counties and municipalities are taking the lead in adopting innovative employment policies like advance notice of work schedules, paid leave, and the right to rest between shifts. More research could determine the impact of such policies on employee health.
Lay Summary
About 30% of low-income households experienced food insecurity in 2023. Given that food security is strongly tied to employment conditions, there is potential to reduce food insecurity through innovative employment-focused policy changes. Minimum wage is often studied as an indicator of employment quality. However, employment policies now stretch beyond hourly rate, as several jurisdictions have adopted innovative, broader approaches to improving employment. More research is needed to determine whether these broader employment policies, such as secure scheduling, paid leave, and collective bargaining, may mitigate food insecurity.
Journal Article
Debating Employment in National TV News: Depoliticised Discourses and Overlooked EU Policies
This article examines the framing of employment policies in public debates within European Union (EU) member states. (Mediatised) public debate is not merely a medium for discussing employment policy; it constitutes a normative infrastructure of democracy. Therefore, the way employment policies are framed and discussed (in other words: [de]politicised) in the mediatised public debate informs us about the democratic quality of the political systems we live in. This is particularly true in the European context. EU policies guide and sometimes constrain national employment policies and are strategically used to (de)politicise national debate. The study relies on TV news broadcasts (TNBs) of public broadcasters as a proxy for the public debates. In total, 576 TNBs in France and Belgium are compared in a diachronic perspective (1995–1996; 2005–2006; 2019). Qualitative frame analysis enables to identify how people intervening in the public debate speak about employment policies and whether they frame them as contingent and controversial. Results identify three framings of employment policies through which the EU is discussed in the Belgian and French broadcast public debates: labour market, social rights, and individual factors. In general, results reveal that the EU and its policies are neither blamed nor contested, but are largely overlooked in both countries’ national public debates. When this is not the case, the EU and its policies are mostly depoliticised. The depoliticisation in the media is partly explained by a consensual conception of the economy across time, country, and the political spectrum.
Journal Article
Pregnancy discrimination and the American worker
\"The percentage of women in the American labor force exceeds 57%, and many experience pregnancy during their working years. However, few analyses have explored how law mediates conflict between workplace expectations and the realities of pregnancy. This book explores how the federal courts have addressed the two primary federal statutory protections found in the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act. While pregnancy discrimination has been litigated under both, these laws establish different forms of equality. Formal equality requires equal treatment of pregnant women in the workplace, and substantive equality requires the worker's needs to be accommodated by the employer. Drawing from a unique database of 1,112 cases, Deardorff and Dahl discuss how courts have addressed pregnancy through these two different approaches to equality. The authors explore the implications for gender equality and the evolution of how pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions in employment can be addressed by employers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Advancing Gender Equality through European Employment Policy: The Impact of the UK's EU Membership and the Risks of Brexit
This article examines the development of the EU's gender equality framework of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ law, including the incomplete gender mainstreaming of the European Employment Strategy. It highlights contradictions, rooted in political tensions between the social democratic principles which underpin the European Social Model, and the promotion of neo-liberal economic policies. It assesses the UK's role in shaping this European framework, and the framework's impact on the UK's employment policy. It concludes that Brexit will harm the pursuit of gender equality in the UK due to decoupling from the EU's equality framework and policy pathway. An additional risk is greater insularity in UK policy making through reduced exposure to the Open Method of Coordination. Brexit may, however, help progress gender equality in the rest of the EU if the outcome is greater unity focussed on an inclusive employment policy without the UK dragging its heels in favour of deregulated flexibility.
Journal Article
Institutional Theory and the Cross-National Transfer of Employment Policy: The Case of 'Workforce Diversity' in US Multinationals
This paper uses a comparative institutionalist approach combined with a power/interests perspective to examine the processes whereby diversity policy is 'internationalised' by US multinational companies. It argues that the process of policy transfer to UK subsidiaries is complicated by incomplete and contested 'institutionalisation' of diversity within the US itself, and by differing conceptions of diversity between the US and the UK. The ability of actors within the UK subsidiaries to mobilise and deploy specific power resources allows them to resist the full implementation of corporate diversity policy, leading to a range of compromise accommodations. It is argued that the findings have more general implications for analysing the transfer of HR practices between national business systems.
Journal Article